Archaic lyric provided opportunities for reflection on civic power and community values before the invention of prose and the emergence of democracy in Athens with its attendant rhetorical practices. The fragments of Sappho and Alcaeus, poets of 6th‐century Lesbos, can be read along side each other for an exploration of gender difference. Sappho's evocations of memory bespeak the situation of women excluded from public spaces of political deliberation and subject to displacement and loss. Gendered practices of memory are traced from Sappho and Alcaeus through the memory systems of classical Greek and Roman rhetoricians.

Sappho's memory

Martial, perhaps the best-known author of Latin epigram, has enjoyed a resurgence of scholarly attention over the past two decades, and much has been made of his self-professed debt to earlier Latin epigrammatists, especially Catullus. Less prevalent, however, has been discussion of how he relates to authors of Greek epigram, which may not be surprising given that Martial passes over the Greek epigrammatic tradition in nearly total silence. This dissertation seeks to explain the silence. Through close readings of specific poems by Martial, both in themselves and alongside epigrams by his Greek predecessors, I argue that he has fashioned an intentionally ambivalent attitude toward the Greek tradition. Martial contends with a fundamentally Roman literary condundrum – he must negotiate the inevitable and irreconcilable tension between acknowledging the importance of his Greek predecessors and asserting his own claim to superiority over them. But Martial, I suggest, relishes such tensions, depicting Greece and Greek epigram as inconsistent and even bipolar entities which he can then exploit as sources of humor or self-aggrandizement. I claim that Martial’s suppression of the Greeks is willful; it in part offers a playful challenge to his educated audience to hunt for allusions, and in part contributes to his invention of a purely Roman epigrammatic tradition over which he himself reigns. Martial’s engagement with the Greek tradition spans hundreds of years and several subgenres of Greek epigram, three of which I have examined more or less chronologically in this study. My four chapters offer an overview of Martial’s treatment of Greek language, art, and literature within the Epigrams, and discuss how he interacts with Greek inscribed, erotic, and skoptic epigram. I ultimately reveal how Martial imagines for his audience a bipolar Greek epigrammatic tradition, deftly balancing himself between the two poles: at times he respectfully embraces his participation in the rich and varied history of Greek epigram, and at times he irreverently attempts to invert, subvert, or erase this history altogether, all for the entertainment of his well-educated readers, for whom his engagement with the Greek tradition would no doubt have been hidden in plain sight. Degree Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Graduate Group Classical Studies First Advisor James Ker

https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3650&context=edissertations

Hidden in plain sight: Martial and the Greek epigrammatic tradition

This doctoral thesis explores six archai upon which the foundations of Western architectural theory were built, but, as I contend, have far more profound roots in the mythological and philosophical landscapes of the ancient Greeks of the 8th century BC onward and, more particularly, the Athenians of the 5th and 4th centuries BC. Central to my thinking and to my mode of writing is the concept of tropes, hence 'built environment' becomes 'constructed landscape'. There is a subtle, yet significant difference between these two terms. The second term is a trope, a play on the words of the first. Whereas the term ‘built environment’ describes physical form, ‘constructed landscape’ describes not only physical form but can also be different in conceptual form. A dialogue or a poem, for instance, can be said to be a ‘constructed landscape’. My interest lies not in the visual language of the built environment but in the language of conceptual and figurative landscapes. By troping Lynch's 'elements' and 'form', and Vitruvius' ‘first principles’ I explore the concept-construct of the Self and the polis in relation to them, and to the architectural, through seven Platonic-style Dialogues (set in 355 BC) that I have written. The research for the Dialogues draws upon ideas from the disciplines of landscape architecture, and architecture, and archaeology, in concert with Archaic and Classical Greek philosophy, poetry and plays, to explore the earliest Western expressions of archai. The primary aim of my research is to reveal through the constructed landscapes of the Athenians, and, more broadly, the Greeks of the late Archaic and Classical period, ancient Greek concepts of archai, not as an architectural term but as constructions of the ancient Greek mind, through the tropes of ‘elements’ and ‘form’ that have been articulated in Greek myth, poetry and philosophy. The importance of this research is twofold: first, in bringing to light the origins of archai in Western thought, and, second, by following The Way, itself a trope, and exploring the constructed landscapes revealing the ethos that existed between the Self and the architectural.

/pdf/constructed-landscapes-of-the-ancient-greek-mind-archai-1561jhvidx.pdf

Constructed landscapes of the ancient Greek mind : archai, ethos and the self

OF THE THESIS From the Yijing to Jesus: A Comparative Study in the Yijing Hexagrams and the Sayings of Jesus by Nancy T. DiSimone Master of Arts in Interdisciplinary Studies San Diego State University, 2011 This paper is a comparative examination of the aphorisms found within the Sayings of Jesus and the Hexagrams of the Yijing. The history of the aphorism and its evolution through time is studied through the themes of aphorisms worldwide. The various stages of development are examined in order to provide an understanding of the aphorism and its place in literature today. The literary format of the aphoristic saying is considered through its history and literary example. It is explored through the maxim, proverb, apothegm, epigram, priamel, and gnome. The aphorism is used through verbal folklore, the study of ancient writings, phraseology, and linguistics. It reflects the cultural history of its source, yet shares the common truths found in all societies throughout time. This study views the aphorism through such writings as The Analects of Confucius, The Art and Thought of Heraclitus, the Collection of Adages of Desiderius Erasmus, and the Maxims of Francois de La Rochefoucauld. The aphorism is an integral part of almost all religious writing. Proverbs and wisdom texts contain the advice and guidance that people need to live a good life. This thesis analyzes and compares five examples of Jesus’ Sayings and five Hexagrams from the Yijing. The themes of wisdom, humility, self-cultivation, and the knowledge found in nature are examples of the similar teachings explored in this study. Both books provide the instructions for finding happiness and success. The Jesus’ Sayings are taken from the logia found within the Synoptic Gospels, the sayings source of Q, and the Gospel of Thomas. Parallel sayings are compared, thus allowing a better understanding of Jesus’ messages. Aphorisms are the heart of Jesus’ parabolic teachings, and are the oldest source of his original ministry. A brief traditional and modernist history of the Yijing is then provided. The aphorism is the core of the Yijing’s wisdom, and its role in the hexagram is examined. The sayings in the Hexagrams are examples of early Chinese philosophy. They teach inner truth, contentment, and are a guide for proper behavior in the world. Aphorisms contain the collected wisdom found in the observation and experience of life. The Sayings of Jesus and the Yijing share these aphoristic teachings and prescribe the life lessons. This study of aphorisms advices the argument that the Jesus’ sayings and the aphorisms of the Yijing share similar teachings and literary devices. They both contain the inherent wisdom found within human nature. These aphorisms hold the answers for those searching for life’s blessings, wisdom, and the path to the good life.

From the Yijing to Jesus : a comparative study of the aphorisms in the Yijing hexagrams and the sayings of Jesus

Abstract:C.P. Cavafy often writes poems about poets and their poems. In many cases, though, he fails to describe the poems he refers to, if he describes them at all, in more than the most detached and general terms. Yet a close reading of these apparently vague accounts of the poetry of others shows that although Cavafy does not describe that poetry, he nevertheless communicates its nature to his readers. In \"Symeon,\" he does so by associating it with known literary figures. In most other cases, especially as \"That's the One\" indicates, Cavafy's poems about the poems others have written themselves constitute the poems about which he is writing. Such poems have a double existence: the very same text turns out to be both a poem by Cavafy himself and a work of the fictional poet to whom he refers without apparently citing.

Not Text but Texture: C.P. Cavafy's Poems Unread, Unfinished, Unwritten

The Greek Anthology and Other Ancient Greek Epigrams

The poems of Meleager

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The Greek Anthology and Other Ancient Greek Epigrams

The poems of Meleager