Abstract A 1‐year‐old European shorthair male cat with a normally developed penis was subjected to genetic, endocrinological and histological studies due to unilateral cryptorchidism. The blood testosterone level was typical for males, while the level of anti‐Mullerian hormone (AMH) was very low. Surgical removal of internal reproductive organs was followed by a histological study, which revealed inactive testicles with neoplastic changes and derivatives of Mullerian ducts. Cytogenetic analysis showed a normal XY sex chromosome complement and molecular analysis confirmed the presence of Y‐linked genes ( SRY and ZFY ). Although the level of AMH was low, two normal copies of the AMH gene were found using droplet digital PCR (ddPCR). Analysis of the coding sequences of two candidate genes ( AMH and AMHR2 ) for persistent Mullerian duct syndrome (PMDS) in the affected cat and in control male cats ( n = 24) was performed using the Sanger sequencing method. In the affected cat, homozygosity was found for three novel missense variants in Exon 1 (one SNP) and Exon 5 (two SNPs) of AMH , but the same homozygous genotypes were also observed in one and two control cats, respectively, whose sex development was not examined. Three known synonymous variants with homozygous status were found in AMHR2 . We conclude that the DNA variants identified in AMH and AMHR2 are not responsible for PMDS in the affected cat. 

Lack of causative mutation in the <scp>AMH</scp> and <scp>AMHR2</scp> genes in a cat (38,<scp>XY</scp>) with persistent Mullerian duct syndrome (<scp>PMDS</scp>)

Aim: Ovine models for osseointegrated prosthetics research are well established, but do not consider neural control of advanced prostheses. The validity of interfacing technologies, such as the Osseointegrated Neural Interface (ONI), in their ability to provide communication between native nerves and advanced prosthetics is required, necessitating a stable, longitudinal large animal model for testing. The objective of this study is to provide a detailed anatomic description of the major nerves distal to the carpal and tarsal joints, informing the creation of a chronic ONI for prosthetic control in sheep. 
 Methods: Six pelvic and six thoracic cadaveric limbs from mature female, non-lactating sheep were utilized. Radiographs were obtained to determine average bone length, medullary canal diameter, and cortical bone thickness. Microsurgical dissection was performed to discern topographical neuroanatomy and average circumferences of the major nerves of the pelvic and thoracic limbs. Histologic analysis was performed. A surgical approach for the creation of ONI was designed. 
 Results: Average metacarpal and metatarsal length was 15.0 cm (± 0.0) and 19.7 cm (± 1.0), respectively. Average intramedullary canal diameter was 12.91 mm (± 3.69) for forelimbs and 12.60 mm (± 3.69) for hindlimbs. The thoracic limb nerves consisted of one dorsal and three ventral nerves, with an average circumference of 5.14 mm (± 2.00) and 5.05 mm (± 1.06), respectively. Pelvic limb nerves consisted of two dorsal and one ventral nerve with an average circumference of 6.27 mm (± 1.79) and 5.40 mm (± 0.53), respectively. 
 Conclusions: These anatomic data inform the surgical approach and manufacture of a sensory ONI for chronic testing in awake, freely ambulating animals for future clinical translation.

Essential neural anatomy for creating a clinically translatable osseointegrated neural interface for prosthetic control in sheep

Disorders of sex development (DSDs) cover congenital or developmental abnormality of any part of the female or male reproductive tract. In this chapter, the embryogenesis of the genital system and the most common DSD are presented. Knowledge of embryogenesis of the genital tract is very important, because if there are inherited gene mutations, de novo mutations, external factors, or both genetic and environmental factors that interfere with the stages of development, clinically, sooner or later, changes in reproductive function will be identified. The pathologies presented are currently classified according to the stage of development at which the deviation from normal takes place, in: chromosomal sex abnormalities, gonadal sex abnormalities, and phenotypical sex abnormalities. Other congenital pathologies that frequently affect the male genital apparatus, such as cryptorchidism or hypospadias, will also be discussed. 

The Main Disorders of Sex Development in Animals

A 1-year-old male intact Miniature Schnauzer mix was presented for chronic intermittent hematuria. Abdominal ultrasonography revealed a large, fluid-filled cystic structure extending cranially and dorsally to the prostate. Computed tomography scan images revealed that the fluid-filled cavity resembled a uterus, with both horns entering the scrotum through the inguinal canal adjacent to the testes. On cytogenetic analysis, the dog was found to have a homozygote mutation on AMHRII consistent with persistent Müllerian duct syndrome (PMDS). A gonadohysterectomy was performed, and surgical and histologic findings confirmed the presence of a uterus, oviducts, vagina, and testes in this dog. Additionally, an intraoperative fluoroscopy exam revealed a communication between the uterus and the bladder via an enlarged utricle, explaining the hematuria and urine in the reproductive tract (urometra). To our knowledge, this is the first clinical report of a phenotypically intact male dog with PMDS and urometra due to an enlarged prostatic utricle. This case illustrates a combination of a disorder of sex and urogenital sinus development.

/pdf/case-report-persistent-mullerian-duct-syndrome-and-enlarged-3tmiz66z.pdf

Case report: Persistent Müllerian duct syndrome and enlarged prostatic utricle in a male dog

Surgical destabilization of the stifle joint via cranial cruciate ligament desmotomy (CCLD) is a routine procedure for the study of osteoarthritis (OA). Traditionally performed in rats, rabbits, cats, and dogs, CCLD in sheep provides an opportunity to study the pathology and treatment of joint instability in a species whose stifle better represents the equivalent human femorotibial joint. The surgical approaches for CCLD in sheep are variable and can result in inconsistent outcomes. Eight sheep underwent CCLD for use in a gene therapy study. We report this case in which six of the eight sheep were clinically diagnosed by pathognomonic signs and later confirmed by postmortem dissection, with injury of the peroneus tertius (PT) muscle. The PT plays a crucial role in the normal gait of large animals, including sheep. Injury to the PT results in failure of the reciprocal apparatus of the hind limb in which the hock can be extended during stifle flexion creating a varied gait and an indiscriminate increase in instability of the stifle and hock joints. Restricted movement postoperatively may provide decreased variability in surgical outcomes. Alternatively, increased stifle instability via CCLD coupled with PT transection or PT transection alone could potentially provide a superior model of stifle instability and OA development in sheep.

/pdf/cranial-cruciate-ligament-desmotomies-in-sheep-resulting-in-1p9ktwrvnw.pdf

Cranial Cruciate Ligament Desmotomies in Sheep Resulting in Peroneus Tertius Injury.

OBJECTIVE
To determine whether one larger or two smaller diameter pins used for tibial tuberosity avulsion fracture (TTAF) stabilization provides greater axial tensile strength and stiffness when subjected to monotonic mechanical load to failure in normal skeletally mature canine cadavers.


STUDY DESIGN
Paired ex vivo biomechanical study.


SAMPLE POPULATION
Eleven pairs of adult cadaveric dog tibias.


METHODS
Twenty-two tibias from 11 dogs were collected to model a TTAF. Each limb of a pair was randomly assigned a one or two-pin fixation. Tibias were subjected to monotonic, axial load to failure. Fixation stiffness, strength, and pin insertion angles were analyzed with parametric testing. Significance was set at p < .05.


RESULTS
The mean strength of the single-pin fixation was 426.2 ± 50.5 N compared to two-pin fixation at 639.2 ± 173.5 N (p = .003). The mean stiffness of the single-pin fixation was 57.3 ± 18.7 N/mm and the two-pin fixation was 71.7 ± 20.5 N/mm (p = .029). The normalized ratio between one and two-pin fixation had a mean stiffness of 68% ± 25.8% and strength of 82.8% ± 24.6%.


CONCLUSIONS
In an ex vivo cadaveric TTAF model, vertically aligned two-pin fixation offers greater strength and stiffness when compared to a single-pin fixation.


CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
When repairing TTAF, surgeons should aim to apply two vertically aligned pins rather than a single pin for greater strength and stiffness.

Biomechanical comparison of one pin versus two pin fixation in a canine tibial tuberosity avulsion fracture model.

Biomechanical analysis of orthogonal and unilateral locking plate constructs in a fracture gap model.

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Case report: Persistent Müllerian duct syndrome and enlarged prostatic utricle in a male dog

Cranial Cruciate Ligament Desmotomies in Sheep Resulting in Peroneus Tertius Injury.

Biomechanical comparison of one pin versus two pin fixation in a canine tibial tuberosity avulsion fracture model.

Biomechanical analysis of orthogonal and unilateral locking plate constructs in a fracture gap model.