Prandtl number of optimum biodiesel from food industrial waste oil and diesel fuel blend for diesel engine

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of green processes like ultrasonication assisted extraction (UAE) and microwave assisted extraction (MAE) using olive oil (OO) and sunflower oil (SO) as solvents on the extractability of carotenoids from passion fruit peel (PEP) that is discarded as waste. Using optimized conditions of UAE, 91.4% (OO) and 86.7% (SO) of the carotenoids present were extracted while MAE extracted 86.9% in OO. Comparison of energy density revealed that UAE is more efficient than MAE. UAE treated OO was acceptable for different quality parameters and the oil was enriched with carotenoids by more than three times and phenolic content by fifteen times. The extraction kinetics and thermodynamic studies for carotenoids extracted from PEP using UAE and CE (conventional extraction) processes with OO as solvent were performed at different combinations of extraction time and temperature. The extraction rate constant (ks) for UAE and CE was in the range of 0.0022–0.0048 100 g/μg carotenoids min and 4.02 × 10−5 − 6.85 × 10−5 100 g d.w./μg carotenoids min, respectively. The effective diffusion coefficient of UAE and CE for the extraction of carotenoids varied between 2.3740 ×10−13 and 2.8260 ×10−13 m2/s and 0.997×10−14and 2.336 ×10−14 m2/s, respectively and corresponding mass transfer rate ranged from 1.625 ×10−7 – 1.8731 ×10−7 m/s and 0.0728 ×10−8 – 0.1714 ×10−8 m/s. The kinetics information mainly rate constant, effective diffusivity and mass transfer coefficient obtained from the green extraction process using ultrasonication would allow the prediction of operation conditions for industrial implementation.

Green ultrasound and microwave extraction of carotenoids from passion fruit peel using vegetable oils as a solvent: Optimization, comparison, kinetics, and thermodynamic studies

High molecular weight alcohol and ether fuels with their advanced autoignition propensities and oxygenated molecular structures are promising future fuel candidates for compression-ignition engine ...

Higher Alcohol and Ether Biofuels for Compression-Ignition Engine Application: A Review with Emphasis on Combustion Kinetics

An integrated biorefinery strategy for the utilization of palm-oil wastes

In the recent years, robotic systems became more advanced and more accessible. This has led to their slow, but stable integration and use in different processes and applications, including in the agricultural domain. Nowadays, agricultural robots are developed with the aim to replace the human labour in the otherwise exhausting, time-consuming or dangerous activities. Agricultural robotic systems provide many advantages, which can differ based on the type of the robot and its sensors, actuators and communication systems. This paper presents the design, the construction process, the main characteristics and the evaluation of a prototype of a small-scale agricultural robot that can be used for some of the simplest activities in agricultural enterprises. The robot is designed as an end-user autonomous mobile system, which is capable of self-localization and can map or inspect a specific farming area. The decision-making capabilities of the robot are based on artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms, which allow it to perform specific actions in accordance to the situation and the surrounding environment. The presented prototype is in its early development and evaluation stages and the paper concludes with discussions on the possible further improvements of the platform.

/pdf/artificial-intelligence-driven-autonomous-robot-for-31opxveshb.pdf

Artificial Intelligence-Driven Autonomous Robot for Precision Agriculture

Abstract Presented paper is focused on comparison of certain physical properties of selected vegetable oils. Physical properties, such as density, dynamic, kinematic viscosity and fluidity, were experimentally determined. All experiments were conducted on two samples of vegetable oils: sunflower and extra virgin olive oils with approximate temperature range of 5–32 °C. Density of oils was determined by oscillation method utilizing digital densimeter Anton Paar DMA 4500M at different temperatures. Dynamic viscosity was measured by means of rotational viscometer Anton Paar DV-3P. The rest of rheological parameters were determined on the basis of their definitions. Obtained results are depicted as graphical dependencies of rheological parameters and density on temperature. These dependencies of vegetable oils on dynamic and kinematic viscosity showed decreasing exponential shape, which is in compliance with Arrhenius equation; temperature dependencies on fluidity showed an increasing exponential shape for both samples. Density dependencies of samples on temperature were characteristic with decreasing linear function within measured temperature range. Similar results were achieved by other researchers. On the basis of measured values, it is evident that dynamic viscosity of extra virgin olive oil shows higher values than sunflower oil viscosity, which is a result of different composition of oils.

Selected Physical Properties Assessment of Sunflower and Olive Oils

http://www.international-agrophysics.org/pdf-142472-69553?filename=Thermal properties of.pdf

Thermal properties of wood and wood composites made from wood waste

This article deals with thermal properties of selected biooils (Plahyd S – biooil No1 and Plahyd N – biooil No2) and rheologic properties of rapeseed oil. Plahyd S is a synthetic, rapidly biodegradable fluid which is based on sustainable raw materials. It is exceptionally suitable for applications in mobile and stationary hydraulic systems. Plahyd N is multigrade hydraulic oil based on rapeseed oil used in agricultural and construction machinery. For thermal parameters measurements was used Hot wire method. The experiment is based on measuring of the temperature rise vs. time evaluation of an electrically heated wire embedded in the tested material. The thermal conductivity is derived from the resulting change in temperature over a known time interval. Dependency of material resistance against the probe rotation was used at measurement of rheologic properties with instrument viscometer Anton Paar DV-3P. For two samples of biooils – Plahyd N and Plahyd S were determined basic thermophysical parameters – thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity and volume specific heat. For each biooil samples were made two series of measurements. In the first series were measured thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity at constant room temperature 20 °C. Every thermophysical parameter was measured 10 times for each sample. The results were statistically processed. For biooil No1 thermal conductivity was 0.325 W*m -1 .K-1 , it was higher value than we obtained for biooil No2 – 0.224 W*m -1 .K-1 . The similar results were obtained for thermal diffusivity of biooil No1 2.140.10-7 m 2 *s -1 and biooil No2 2.604.10-7 m 2* s -1 . For samples with constant temperature were calculated basic statistical characteristics as: standard deviation for ? – biooil No1 (±0.056 W*m -1*K -1 ) and biooil No2 (± 0.054 W*m -1*K -1 ); probable error of the arithmetic average for ? – biooil No 1 (±0.012 W*m - 1*K -1 ) and biooil No 2 (±0.005 W*m -1*K -1 ); relative probable error in % for ? – biooil No1 (±3.69 %) and biooil No2 (±2.23 %). The same statistical characteristics were calculated for thermal diffusivity. In the second series of measurements were measured relations of thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity to the temperature in temperature range (20 – 29) °C. From results was evident that all measured dependencies are nonlinear. For both thermophysical parameters were obtained polynomial functions of the second degree described by the polynomial coefficients. Type of function was selected according to statistical evaluation based on the coefficient of determination for every thermophysical parameter graphical dependency. In temperature dependency of rapeseed oil dynamic viscosity was used decreasing exponential function, which is in accordance with Arrhenius equation. The results obtained by the implementation of thermophysical and rheologic measurements on samples of biooils could be compared with the values presented in the literature.

https://jcea.agr.hr/articles/774489_THERMOPHYSICAL_AND_RHEOLOGIC_PROPERTIES_OF_BIOOIL_SAMPLES_en.pdf

Thermophysical and rheologic properties of biooil samples

The issue of navigation methods is being continuously developed globally. The aim of this article is to test the fuzzy control algorithm for track finding in mobile robotics. The concept of an autonomous mobile robot EN20 has been designed to test its behaviour. The odometry navigation method was used. The benefits of fuzzy control are in the evidence of mobile robot’s behaviour. These benefits are obtained when more physical variables on the base of more input variables are controlled at the same time. In our case, there are two input variables - heading angle and distance, and two output variables - the angular velocity of the left and right wheel. The autonomous mobile robot is moving with human logic.

/pdf/navigation-algorithm-using-fuzzy-control-method-in-mobile-2a6mt1y497.pdf

Navigation Algorithm Using Fuzzy Control Method in Mobile Robotics

Knowledge of bee products’ physical properties has a decisive importance for the monitoring of their quality. Thermophysical parameters are very important properties. Thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity of selected bee products (honey, bee pollen and perga) were measured by two different methods. For identification of thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity transient methods were used: Hot Wire (HW) and Dynamic Plane Source (DPS) method with an instrument Isomet 2104. The principle of measuring process is based on the analysis of timetemperature relation. In the first series of measurements thermal conductivity and diffusivity at constant laboratory temperature of 20 °C were measured. The second series was focused on identification of the changes in the thermophysical parameters during temperature stabilisation in the temperature range of 5–25 °C. For samples with constant temperature standard deviations and probable errors in % were calculated. For relations of thermal parameters to temperature graphical dependencies were obtained. Two different thermophysical methods were used for improvement of data reliability and data statistics.

/pdf/thermal-properties-of-selected-bee-products-57qntctrtk.pdf

Thermal properties of selected bee products.

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