R-Parity-violating supersymmetry

Theoretical and phenomenological implications of R-parity violation in supersymmetric theories are discussed in the context of particle physics and cosmology. Fundamental aspects include the relation with continuous and discrete symmetries and the various allowed patterns of R-parity breaking. Recent developments on the generation of neutrino masses and mixings within different scenarios of R-parity violation are discussed. The possible contribution of R-parity-violating Yukawa couplings in processes involving virtual supersymmetric particles and the resulting constraints are reviewed. Finally, direct production of supersymmetric particles and their decays in the presence of R-parity-violating couplings is discussed together with a survey of existing constraints from collider experiments.

R-parity violating supersymmetry

This article reviews the current theoretical and experimental status of the field of muon decay and its potential to search for new physics beyond the standard model. The importance of rare muon processes with lepton flavor violation is highly stressed, together with precision measurements of normal muon decay. Recent up-to-date motivations of lepton flavor violation based on supersymmetric models, in particular supersymmetric grand unified theories, are described along with other theoretical models. Future prospects of experiments and muon sources of high intensity for further progress in this field are also discussed.

Muon decay and physics beyond the standard model

Violations of fundamental symmetries in atoms and tests of unification theories of elementary particles

Descriptions of phase separation in condensed matter have so far been classified into a solid model (model B) and a fluid model (model H). In the former the diffusion is the only transport process, while in the latter material can be transported by both diffusion and hydrodynamic flow. It has recently been found that in addition to these well-known models a new model of phase separation, the `viscoelastic model', is required to describe the phase-separation behaviour of a dynamically asymmetric mixture, which is composed of fast and slow components. Such `dynamic asymmetry' can be induced by either the large size difference or the difference in glass-transition temperature between the components of a mixture. The former often exists in so-called complex fluids, such as polymer solutions, micellar solutions, colloidal suspensions, emulsions and protein solutions. The latter, on the other hand, can exist in any mixture in principle. This new type of phase separation is called `viscoelastic phase separation' since viscoelastic effects play a dominant role. Viscoelastic phase separation may be a `general' model of phase separation, which includes solid and fluid models as special cases: for example, fluid phase separation described by model H, which is believed to be the usual case, can be viewed as a `special' (rather rare) case of viscoelastic phase separation. Here we review the experiments, theories and numerical simulations for viscoelastic phase separation. In dynamically asymmetric mixtures, phase separation generally leads to the formation of a long-lived `interaction network' (a transient gel) of slow-component molecules (or particles), if the attractive interactions between them are strong enough. Because of its long relaxation time, it cannot catch up with the deformation rate of the phase separation itself and as a result the stress is asymmetrically divided between the components. This leads to the transient formation of networklike or spongelike structures of a slow-component-rich phase and its volume shrinking. Domain shape is determined by the force-balance condition in this intermediate stage. However, the true late stage of this phase separation can be described by a fluid model. The process can be viewed as viscoelastic relaxation in pattern formation. We discuss the morphological and kinetic features of viscoelastic phase separation, focusing on the differences from those of usual phase separation. The significance of viscoelastic phase separation in pattern formation in Nature and its engineering applications are also pointed out.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0953-8984/12/15/201/pdf

Viscoelastic phase separation

We review and discuss the information provided by some low-energy nuclear processes on physics beyond the standard model of the fundamental interactions. We focus on probes where nuclear orientation is either essential or helpful.

Theoretical aspects of searches for new interactions using oriented nuclei

We review and discuss the time-reversal-odd R and D correlations in neutron and nuclear beta decay.

The T-odd R and D correlations in beta decay

We analyze the available information on the interactions that can contribute to the decays \ensuremath{\eta}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\pi}}}^{0}$${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\mu}}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$${\mathit{e}}^{\ensuremath{\mp}}$, and discuss the implications for the \ensuremath{\eta}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\pi}}}^{0}$${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\mu}}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$${\mathit{e}}^{\ensuremath{\mp}}$ branching ratios. For all cases the experimental results on ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\mu}}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${\mathit{e}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ conversion in nuclei set stringent limits on the strength of the interactions. For the case of a scalar interaction, which in renormalizable gauge theories is the only possible source of \ensuremath{\eta}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\pi}}}^{0}$${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\mu}}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$${\mathit{e}}^{\ensuremath{\mp}}$ at the tree level, we find B(\ensuremath{\eta}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\pi}}}^{0}$${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\mu}}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$${\mathit{e}}^{\ensuremath{\mp}}$)\ensuremath{\lesssim}4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}18}$. For interactions involving second-class currents the branching ratio is not likely to be larger than \ensuremath{\sim}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}15}$, which is still considerably below the level that could be explored at present.

The decays eta --> pi microe.

Muon-number-violating hyperon decays are discussed, first from a phenomenological point of view and then considering some possible sources of muon-number violation. We show that branching ratios as large as of the order of ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$ for the decays ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}p{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{\mp}}{e}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$ and ${\ensuremath{\Xi}}^{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\Lambda}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{\mp}}{e}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$ cannot be ruled out. We note, however, that such branching ratios are unlikely, since they would require muon-number-violating interactions of very special structure.

Study of muon-number-violating hyperon decays

A facility for polarized epithermal neutrons of high intensity is set up at the Los Alamos National Laboratory for parityviolation and time reversal experiments at neutron resonances over a wide range of neutron energies. The beam is polarized with the aid of a polarized proton target used as a neutronspin filter. Total cross section measurements as well as capture gamma-ray experiments will be carried out. The main features of this system will be discussed.

/pdf/facility-for-parity-and-time-reversal-experiments-with-mo1ge885q1.pdf

Facility for parity and time reversal experiments with intense epithermal (eV) neutron beams

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