The physiological and behavioral activities of many animals are restricted to specific times of the day. The daily fluctuation in the mating activity of some insects is controlled by an endogenous clock, but the genetic mechanism that controls it remains unknown. Here we demonstrate that wild-type Drosophila melanogaster display a robust circadian rhythm in the mating activity, and that these rhythms are abolished in period- or timeless-null mutant flies (per01 and tim01). Circadian rhythms were lost when rhythm mutant females were paired with wild-type males, demonstrating that female mating activity is governed by clock genes. Furthermore, we detected an antiphasic relationship in the circadian rhythms of mating activity between D. melanogaster and its sibling species Drosophila simulans. Female- and species-specific circadian rhythms in the mating activity of Drosophila seem to cause reproductive isolation.

https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/98/16/9221.full.pdf

Circadian rhythms of female mating activity governed by clock genes in Drosophila

Behavior of flies in the genus anastrepha (trypetinae: Toxotrypanini)

The circadian rhythm of behavior has interested many researchers in the past decades, yet amazingly little is known on the evolution of natural variation in circadian rhythms of behavior. Most research has been focused on identifying the circadian clock genes that form an intricate clock network, which turns out to be more complex with every discovery. To understand the importance of circadian rhythms of behavior in speciation, genetic analyses should be conducted on intra- and interspecific allochronic differentiation of behaviors. Many moth species show specific daily activity rhythms in their sexual activities, some species being sexually active early at night, while others are sexually active late at night. This differentiation has been suggested to have arisen to minimize communication interference between closely related species, as co-occurring and closely related species with overlapping sex pheromone blends show a temporal differentiation in their daily sexual activities. However, the genetic differentiation of this allochronic separation has barely been examined in any species so far. In this review I summarize studies conducted on timing of sexual activities in moths, and which factors have been found to influence this timing, with the aim to identify the gaps and challenges, to unravel the possible contribution of allochronic differentiation of sexual activities in moth speciation.

/pdf/circadian-rhythms-of-sexual-activities-in-moths-a-review-2el52oqyj0.pdf

Circadian rhythms of sexual activities in moths: A review

Fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) represent, in our opinion, one of the best study systems any
researcher can find. These insects are well suited for interspecific comparisons, field and laboratory
studies, and studies under seminatural conditions. Since adults of many species are relatively easy
to obtain, there is no difficulty in quantifying their behavior and performing long-term studies on
marked individuals. In addition, some species in the subfamilies Dacinae and Trypetinae are
notorious pests. This combination of features has motivated entomologists worldwide to study this
group for more than a century. Species such asRhagoletis pomonella(Walsh),R. cerasi(L.),Ceratitis capitata(Wiedemann),Bactrocera dorsalis(Hendel), B. oleae(Rossi), B. cucurbitae(Coquillett), B. tryoni(Froggatt), Anastrepha ludens(Loew), A. obliqua(Macquart), andA. suspensa(Loew) have been the subject of important studies on basic biology, ecology, evolution of animal-plant
interactions, sexual selection, and speciation (work reviewed by Baker et al. 1944; Christenson and
Foote 1960; Bateman 1972; Bush 1974; Bateman et al. 1976; Boller and Prokopy 1976; Boller and
Chambers 1977b; Burk 1981; Prokopy 1977; 1980; 1982; Zwolfer 1983; 1988; Freidberg 1984a;
Fletcher 1987; Drew 1987; Aluja 1994; Headrick and Goeden 1998; also see reviews in this volume
by Aluja et al., Chapter 15; Drew and Romig, Chapter 21; Eberhard, Chapter 18; Headrick and
Goeden, Chapter 25; Prokopy and Papaj, Chapter 10; and Yuval and Hendrichs, Chapter 17).

Behavior of Tephritid Flies: A Historical Perspective

Members of the true fruit flies (family Tephritidae) are among the most serious agricultural pests worldwide, whose control and management demands large and costly international efforts. The need for cost-effective and environmentally friendly integrated pest management (IPM) has led to the development and implementation of autocidal control strategies. These approaches include the widely used sterile insect technique and the incompatible insect technique (IIT). IIT relies on maternally transmitted bacteria (namely Wolbachia) to cause a conditional sterility in crosses between released mass-reared Wolbachia-infected males and wild females, which are either uninfected or infected with a different Wolbachia strain (i.e., cytoplasmic incompatibility; CI). Herein, we review the current state of knowledge on Wolbachia-tephritid interactions including infection prevalence in wild populations, phenotypic consequences, and their impact on life history traits. Numerous pest tephritid species are reported to harbor Wolbachia infections, with a subset exhibiting high prevalence. The phenotypic effects of Wolbachia have been assessed in very few tephritid species, due in part to the difficulty of manipulating Wolbachia infection (removal or transinfection). Based on recent methodological advances (high-throughput DNA sequencing) and breakthroughs concerning the mechanistic basis of CI, we suggest research avenues that could accelerate generation of necessary knowledge for the potential use of Wolbachia-based IIT in area-wide integrated pest management (AW-IPM) strategies for the population control of tephritid pests.

/pdf/wolbachia-pipientis-associated-with-tephritid-fruit-fly-56i12se8sn.pdf

Wolbachia pipientis Associated With Tephritid Fruit Fly Pests: From Basic Research to Applications.

. Mating in Dacus tryoni is restricted to dusk, whereas that of a sibling species, Dacus neohumeralis, occurs in the middle of the day. The timing of sexual behaviour in both species is determined by an interaction between a circadian clock and light intensity. In D. tryoni peak mating responsiveness is at the time of dusk, and the optimal light intensity for mating is approximately 91x. In D.neohumeralis peak responsiveness is in the middle of the day, and the optimal light intensity for mating is greater than 10 000 lx. The two species were crossed and the time of mating and response to light intensity of F1, F2 and backcross progeny determined. The circadian clock set a mating phase (‘gate’) as narrow in F1 flies as in their parents, suggesting the circadian timing mechanism to be common between the two species. The results indicate that the genetic mechanism controlling timing is independent of that controlling response to light intensity, and that both genetic mechanisms are complex.

Genetic manipulation of the circadian clock's timing of sexual behaviour in the Queensland fruit flies, Dacus tryoni and Dacus neohumeralis

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Genetic manipulation of the circadian clock's timing of sexual behaviour in the Queensland fruit flies, Dacus tryoni and Dacus neohumeralis