Mastocytosis is a heterogeneous group of neoplasms defined by a numerical increase and accumulation of clonal mast cells (MCs) in various organ systems. The disease may present as cutaneous mastocytosis or systemic mastocytosis (SM). On the basis of histopathological and molecular features, clinical variables, and organ involvement, SM is divided into indolent SM, smoldering SM, SM with an associated hematologic neoplasm, aggressive SM, and MC leukemia. Each variant is defined by unique diagnostic criteria and a unique spectrum of clinical presentations. A key driver of MC expansion and disease evolution is the oncogenic machinery triggered by mutant forms of KIT. The genetic background, additional somatic mutations, and comorbidities also contribute to the course and prognosis. Patients with SM may also suffer from mediator-related symptoms or even an MC activation syndrome. This article provides an update of concepts on the genetics, etiology, and pathology of mastocytosis, with emphasis on diagnostic criteria and new treatment concepts. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Pathology: Mechanisms of Disease, Volume 18 is January 2023. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev-pathmechdis-031521-042618

New Insights Into the Pathogenesis of Mastocytosis: Emerging Concepts in Diagnosis and Therapy.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging Phenotypes of Breast Cancer Molecular Subtypes: A Systematic Review

BackgroundAccurate preoperative determination of the histological grade and cellular proliferative potential of meningioma by non-invasive imaging is of paramount importance.PurposeTo evaluate the ...

Association of apparent diffusion coefficient with Ki-67 proliferation index, progesterone-receptor status and various histopathological parameters, and its utility in predicting the high grade in meningiomas.

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common malignancy of the oral cavity and accounts for >90% of all oral cancers. Despite advances in diagnostic procedures and therapeutic interventions, overall survival has not improved significantly in recent decades, primarily due to late diagnosis, locoregional recurrence and treatment resistance. Identifying reliable biomarkers for early detection, prognosis evaluation and treatment response prediction is critical for improving clinical outcomes in patients with OSCC. In the present review, the prognostic and predictive utility of circulating biomarkers, such as circulating tumour cells, serological biomarkers and histological and genetic biomarkers, were explored in the context of OSCC. In addition, the potential role of immune checkpoints in the treatment of OSCC was highlighted and the rapidly evolving field of liquid biopsy and its potential to revolutionize diagnosis, prognosis evaluation and treatment were examined. The existing evidence for the clinical utility of these biomarkers was critically evaluated and the challenges and limitations associated with their introduction into routine clinical practice were addressed. In conclusion, the present review highlights the promising role of biomarkers in improving the current understanding of the pathogenesis of OSCC and offers potential avenues for improving patient care through personalized medicine approaches.

pdf/emerging-histological-and-serological-biomarkers-in-oral-3f6wojrthk.pdf

Emerging histological and serological biomarkers in oral squamous cell carcinoma: Applications in diagnosis, prognosis evaluation and personalized therapeutics (Review).

Background/aim Magnetic resonance imaging is used for staging purposes in cervical cancer (CC). Diffusion-weighted imaging and the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) are associated with tumor microstructure. The present analysis sought to compare pre-treatment ADC values to predict treatment outcome of radiochemotherapy for CC based upon a large patient sample. Materials and methods MEDLINE library and SCOPUS databases were assessed for suitable articles up to May 2020. The primary endpoint was the mean ADC value of CC according to the treatment response to radiochemotherapy. In total, 16 studies were included in the analysis. Results For the response group, 416 patients were included in the analysis (72.5%) and for the no-response group 158 patients were included (27.5%). The mean ADC value of patients with CC with treatment response was 0.87×10-3 mm2/s (95% confidence interval=0.81-0.94×10-3 mm2/s), and for the patients with no response was 0.92×10-3 mm2/s (95% confidence interval=0.85-0.98×10-3 mm2/s). Conclusion Pre-treatment ADC values alone cannot be used to reliably predict treatment response to radiochemotherapy in CC.

Pre-treatment Apparent Diffusion Coefficient Does Not Predict Therapy Response to Radiochemotherapy in Cervical Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Objectives Systemic mastocytosis (SM) is a heterogeneous haematological entity characterised by proliferation of mast cells. Skeletal abnormalities of SM include osteolysis, osteopenia and osteoporosis but also osteosclerosis. A routinely used modality to assess bone density is dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). The present study sought to elucidate possible associations between DXA findings with both clinical and bone marrow biopsy findings in SM. Methods Patient records of the local oncology and haematology department from 2007 to 2018 were screened for patients with SM. Overall, 39 patients (18 women and 21 men) with sufficient DXA images and clinical data were identified. We evaluated cKit mutation, tryptase level in serum, alkaline phosphatase, calcium level in serum, haemoglobin level, leucocytes and thrombocytes. Bone marrow biopsies were also evaluated. Results There were no significant differences between the different bone marrow patterns and in regard of cKit mutations. Significant lower bone mineral density (BMD) - T-score and Z-score values were identified for the indolent type compared to aggressive type. Correlation analysis revealed an association between BMD and tryptase level (r=0.35, p=0.049), mast cell proportion in bone marrow biopsy (r=0.45, p=0.01) and with the years since diagnosis (r=-0.42, p=0.02). Moreover, the correlations differed between the indolent and aggressive type. Conclusions DXA findings are associated with clinical and bone marrow biopsy parameters in SM. A positive association with tryptase level and mast cell amount in bone marrow biopsies was identified. This corroborates the usefulness of DXA in SM beyond the sole assessment of osteopenia and osteoporosis.

Bone mineral density in patients with systemic mastocytosis: correlations with clinical and histopathological features.

Background/aim Systemic mastocytosis (SM) is a heterogeneous hematological entity, characterized by the proliferation of mast cells, commonly involving the skeleton. The present study sought to elucidate whether the computed tomographic (CT) number as Hounsfield units (HU) derived from whole-body CT is associated with bone marrow findings in SM. Patients and methods Patient records of the local Oncology and Hematology Department from 2007 to 2018 were screened for patients with SM. Total 16 patients [five female (31.2%)] with a mean age of 55.7±10.3 years were included in the present retrospective study. KIT mutation; tryptase, alkaline phosphatase, and calcium level in serum; and the proportion of mast cells, and CD2, CD25- and CD117-positive cells in bone marrow biopsies were evaluated. Results HU correlated with serum calcium level (r=-0.51, p=0.04), mast cell proportion (r=0.66, p=0.01) and with the proportion of CD117-positive cells in bone marrow biopsy (r=0.56, p=0.04). In the group with aggressive SM, the mean HU value was statistically significantly higher than that of the indolent title:group [245±127 (range=100-451) vs. 121±16 (range=90-135), respectively, p=0.04]. Conclusion The present study identified that the HU value derived from low-dose CT was associated with mast cell infiltration in bone marrow in SM and with the proportion of CD117-positive cells. Further studies are needed to determine whether the measurement of the HU value has prognostic implications in SM and can be used as a reliable biomarker in this disease.

Can Diagnostic Low-dose Whole-body CT Reflect Bone Marrow Findings in Systemic Mastocytosis?

Associations between whole tumor histogram analysis parameters derived from ADC maps and expression of EGFR, VEGF, Hif 1-alpha, Her-2 and Histone 3 in uterine cervical cancer.

Associations between FDG-PET and Ki 67-index in head and neck cancer: A meta-analysis.

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Bone mineral density in patients with systemic mastocytosis: correlations with clinical and histopathological features.

Can Diagnostic Low-dose Whole-body CT Reflect Bone Marrow Findings in Systemic Mastocytosis?

Associations between whole tumor histogram analysis parameters derived from ADC maps and expression of EGFR, VEGF, Hif 1-alpha, Her-2 and Histone 3 in uterine cervical cancer.

Associations between FDG-PET and Ki 67-index in head and neck cancer: A meta-analysis.