The present invention relates to an apparatus for generating, extracting and selecting ions used in a heavy ion cancer therapy facility. The apparatus comprises an independent first (ECRIS 1) and an independent second electron cyclotron resonance ion source (ECRIS 2) for generating heavy and light ions, respectively. Further is enclosed downstream of spectrometer magnet (SP1, SP2) for selecting heavy ion species of one isotopic configuration positioned downstream of each ion source (ECRIS 1, ECRIS 2); a magnetic quadrupole triplet (QT1, QT2) positioned downstream of each spectrometer magnet (SP1, SP2); a switching magnet (SM) for switching between high-LET ion species and low-LET ion species of said two independent first and second ion source.

Apparatus for generating and selecting ions used in a heavy ion cancer therapy facility

To investigate the profile measurement capabilities of an IBA-Dosimetry scintillation detector and to assess its feasibility for determining the low-intensity tails of pencil-beam scanning spots, the responses of the scintillation detector and Gafchromic EBT2 film to a 115 MeV proton spot were measured in-air at the isocenter. Pairs of irradiations were made: one lower-level irradiation insufficient to cause saturation, and one higher-level irradiation which deliberately saturated the central region of the spot, but provided magnification of the tails. By employing the pair/magnification technique, agreement between the film and scintillation detector measurements of the spot profile can be extended from 4% of the central spot dose down to 0.01%. Gamma analysis between these measurements shows 95% and 99% agreement within a ±9 cm bound using criteria of 3 mm/3% and 5 mm/5%, respectively. Above 4%, our 115 MeV proton spot can be well-described by Gaussian function; below 4%, non-Gaussian, diamond-shaped tails predominate.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0031-9155/58/12/N171/pdf

A novel technique for measuring the low-dose envelope of pencil-beam scanning spot profiles.

Caesium iodide is one of the most extensively studied scintillators. Here, we present X-ray luminescence spectra, scintillation light output and decay curves as a function of temperature, from room temperature down to below 10 K. Features of the observed intrinsic luminescence are explained in terms of radiative recombination of on- and off-center STE. A model permitting interpretation of the dynamics of luminescence changes in CsI with temperature is suggested. This model includes adiabatic potential energy surfaces (APES) associated with singlet and triplet states of self-trapped excitons (STE) and explains the variation of the luminescence spectra with temperature as a result of re-distribution in the population between on- and off-center STE. The temperature dependence of the scintillation light yield is discussed in the framework of the Onsager mechanism.

Luminescence and scintillation properties of CsI: A potential cryogenic scintillator

Neutral beam injection is one of themost importantmethods of plasma heating in thermonuclear fusion experiments, allowing the attainment of fusion conditions aswell as driving the plasma current. Neutral beams are generally produced by electrostatically accelerating ions, which are neutralised before injection into themagnetised plasma. At the particle energy required for themost advanced thermonuclear devices and particularly for ITER, neutralisation of positive ions is very inefficient so that negative ions are used. The present paper is devoted to the description of the phenomena occurringwhen a high-powermulti-ampere negative ion beam travels from the beam source towards the plasma. Simulation of the trajectory of the beam and of its features requires various numerical codes, whichmust take into account all relevant phenomena. The leitmotiv is represented by the interaction of the beamwith the background gas. Themain outcome is the partial neutralisation of the beamparticles, but ionisation of the background gas also occurs, with several physical and technological consequences. Diagnosticmethods capable of investigating the beamproperties and of assessing the relevance of the various phenomenawill be discussed. Examples will be given regarding themeasurements collected in the smallflexibleNIO1 source and regarding the expected results of the prototype of the neutral beam injectors for ITER. The tight connection betweenmeasurements and simulations in view of the operation of the beam is highlighted.

/pdf/neutralisation-and-transport-of-negative-ion-beams-physics-88z184k0f9.pdf

Neutralisation and transport of negative ion beams: physics and diagnostics

Abstract A design study, named $${\text {ESS}}\nu {\text {SB}}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtext>ESS</mml:mtext> <mml:mi>ν</mml:mi> <mml:mtext>SB</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> for European Spallation Source neutrino Super Beam, has been carried out during the years 2018–2022 of how the 5 MW proton linear accelerator of the European Spallation Source under construction in Lund, Sweden, can be used to produce the world’s most intense long-baseline neutrino beam. The high beam intensity will allow for measuring the neutrino oscillations near the second oscillation maximum at which the CP violation signal is close to three times higher than at the first maximum, where other experiments measure. This will enable CP violation discovery in the leptonic sector for a wider range of values of the CP violating phase $$\delta _{{\mathrm{CP}}}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>δ</mml:mi> <mml:mi>CP</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:math> and, in particular, a higher precision measurement of $$\delta _{{\mathrm{CP}}}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>δ</mml:mi> <mml:mi>CP</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:math> . The present Conceptual Design Report describes the results of the design study of the required upgrade of the ESS linac, of the accumulator ring used to compress the linac pulses from 2.86 ms to 1.2 μs, and of the target station, where the 5 MW proton beam is used to produce the intense neutrino beam. It also presents the design of the near detector, which is used to monitor the neutrino beam as well as to measure neutrino cross sections, and of the large underground far detector located 360 km from ESS, where the magnitude of the oscillation appearance of $$\nu _{e }$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>ν</mml:mi> <mml:mi>e</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:math> from $$\nu _{\mu }$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>ν</mml:mi> <mml:mi>μ</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:math> is measured. The physics performance of the $${\text {ESS}}\nu {\text {SB}}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtext>ESS</mml:mtext> <mml:mi>ν</mml:mi> <mml:mtext>SB</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> research facility has been evaluated demonstrating that after 10 years of data-taking, leptonic CP violation can be detected with more than 5 standard deviation significance over 70% of the range of values that the CP violation phase angle $$\delta _{{\mathrm{CP}}}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>δ</mml:mi> <mml:mi>CP</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:math> can take and that $$\delta _{{\mathrm{CP}}}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>δ</mml:mi> <mml:mi>CP</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:math> can be measured with a standard error less than 8° irrespective of the measured value of $$\delta _{{\mathrm{CP}}}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>δ</mml:mi> <mml:mi>CP</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:math> . These results demonstrate the uniquely high physics performance of the proposed $${\text {ESS}}\nu {\text {SB}}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtext>ESS</mml:mtext> <mml:mi>ν</mml:mi> <mml:mtext>SB</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> research facility. 

/pdf/the-european-spallation-source-neutrino-super-beam-ezgfmlty.pdf

The European Spallation Source neutrino super-beam conceptual design report

At GSI, the Helmholtz Centre for Ion Research, the properties of scintillation screens, irradiated by an ion beam, were studied. For various materials, the different ion beams H+, C2+, Ar10+, Ni9+, Ta24+, and U28+ in the energy range from 4.8-11.4 MeV/u were applied with currents ranging from nA to some mA, delivered by the heavy ion LINAC at GSI. Scintillation screens are widely used for qualitative ion beam profile monitoring. However, precise measurements of the beam profile yield ambivalent results, especially for high beam currents. Thus, the properties (light yield, beam width, and higher statistical moments) of well-known scintillators, ceramic materials, and different quartz glasses are compared. The image of each ion beam pulse was recorded by a digital CCD camera and individually evaluated. A change of the imaged ion beam shape was observed for some materials. The recorded beam profile shows dependence on the scintillator material. Even for low beam intensities (17 nA) a difference in the beam width of about 25% was measured. Additionally, the light yield and beam width depend significantly on the screen temperature, which is increased by the ion impact. For ZrO2 : Al the influence of the screen temperature on the statistical moments was investigated. Furthermore the spectra of scintillation screens were studied in the region from 350 to 750 nm for the irradiation with H+ and Ta24+ ions. Empirical results are discussed and give rise to further investigations on the materials.

Scintillation Screen Investigations for High-Current Ion Beams

Scintillation screens are widely used for transverse beam profile diagnostics at particle accelerators. The monitor principle relies on the fact that a charged particle crossing the screen material deposits energy which is converted into detectable light. The resulting photon emission leads to a direct image of the two-dimensional beam distribution and can be measured with standard optical techniques. Simplicity and low cost make this kind of diagnostic very attractive. During the last years, scintillating screen monitors were mainly deployed in hadron and low energy electron machines. Most recent experiences from modern LINAC-based light sources showed that optical transition radiation (OTR) diagnostics commonly used as standard profile measurement system might fail for high energy and high brilliance electron beams. This makes again the usage of scintillating screens very attractive. Studies showed that the response of scintillating materials depends on many parameters such as particle energy, intensity, species and time structure of the beam. Therefore, scintillating materials have to be tailored with respect to the application demands required at large accelerator facilities. Measured properties, as light yield or imaged beam shape, show a strong dependency on the scintillating material and change significantly with screen temperature as observed for high current ion beams at low energies. In addition, the spectral response of inorganic material might change with intense ion irradiation. Many investigations on scintillating screen properties were performed for particle ιuxes much higher than for typical applications in medical imaging or high energy physics.

Scintillating Screen Applications in Accelerator Beam Diagnostics

The determination of beam parameters is essential for the operation and development of any accelerator facility. The working principle of frequently used beam instruments for electron and proton beams is discussed. The article comprises of the beam instrumentation for beam current determination, the usage of beam position monitors for bunched beams, methods for transverse profile and emittance diagnostics, bunch shape measurement and the usage of beam loss monitors.

Beam Instrumentation and Diagnostics

For the characterization of the 10 mA ion beam delivered by the new High Current Linac at GSI, sophisticated, mainly non-intersepting diagnostic devices were developed. Besides the general set-up of a versatile test bench, we discuss in particular bunch shape and emittance measurements. A direct time-of-flight technique with a diamond particle detector is used to observe the micro-bunch distribution with a resolution of $\sim 25 $ ps equals 0.3$^{o}$ in phase. For the determination of the energy spread a coincidence technique is applied, using secondary electrons emitted by the ion passing through an aluminum foil 80 cm upstream of the diamond detector. The transverse emittance is measured within one macro pulse with a pepper-pot system equipped with a high performance CCD camera.

Measurement of the six Dimensional Phase Space at the New GSI High Current Linac

Scintillating screens are commonly used at accelerator facilities. However, their imaging qualities are not well understood, especially for high-current ion beam operation. Several types of inorganic scintillators were investigated for various ion species and energies of 4.8 and 11.4 MeV/u. For ion beam applications, the exact reproduction of the beam profile is of great importance. Due to the impact by ions, the dose rate during beam delivery is more than 10 orders of magnitude higher as for other applications of scintillators in typical nuclear physics experiments. To validate the imaging quality of the scintillators, different profile measurement methods are compared. Ceramic Al2O3 showed the best results compared to other ceramics like ZrO2 :Y or quartz glass Herasil 102. The imaging properties of the materials can depend significantly on the ion energy. For Al2O3 irradiated with a Ca beam the of 4.8 MeV/u, the results agree with the reference methods. However, for 11.4 MeV/u, the screen image does not reflect the beam distribution, which cannot be attributed to material degradation. A model is under development taking into account the radial dose distribution along the ion track as well as the overlap of tracks. For Al2O3 , this model can describe the observed saturation effect and is able to reconstruct saturated images. The basics and applications of this model are discussed. Detailed spectroscopic investigations were performed to determine the influence of the ion beam intensity on the luminescence spectra emitted by the materials. No significant dependence on the spectra with respect to the beam intensity was found for most of the scintillators.

Scintillation Screen Studies for High-Dose Ion Beam Applications

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