The study investigated the usefulness of a Hebrew-English-English (L1-L2-L2) mini-dictionary, for production in a foreign language. The dictionary entries included L1 (Hebrew) words, their L2 (English) translation options, usage specifications, semantically related English words, and additional L2 meanings for each translation option. Seventy five students translated thirty six sentences from Hebrew into English using four dictionaries, one dictionary for nine sentences: a HebrewEnglish-English electronic dictionary, a Hebrew-English-English paper dictionary, an English-English-Hebrew bilingualized dictionary, and a Hebrew-English bilingual dictionary. Each sentence contained one target word, defined as ‘simple’ or ‘complex’. Learners also rated them in terms of usefulness. All electronic dictionary activity was recorded in log files. The four dictionaries were compared on the number of correct translations and on dictionary ratings. Log files were analyzed for lookup preferences. Results demonstrated the superiority of L1-L2-L2 dictionaries in terms of the effectiveness for a production task and learners’ preferences.

Examining the Effectiveness of ‘Bilingual Dictionary Plus’ – A Dictionary for Production in a Foreign Language

This paper begins with a brief survey, in the form of a classified bibliography of research into dictionary use. A discussion follows of the type of research required in order to increase one's insight into the cognitive processes involved in using a dictionary; the principal factors which affect the outcome are listed. Two samples of such research design are outlined. The objective of such studies is given as setting the scene for a new generation of electronic dictionaries, optimally customizable by users according to their individual look-up habits and linguistic needs.

/pdf/empirical-research-on-dictionary-use-in-foreign-language-3a6zt7lp2i.pdf

Empirical research on dictionary use in foreign-language learning: survey and discussion

MR. CHURCHILL announced in the House of Commons on March 9 that the Committee of Ministers on Basic English has submitted a report which has been approved in principle by the Government. So far as concerns the use of Basic English as an auxiliary international language, the Government is impressed with the great advantages which would ensue from its development, not in substitution for established literary languages, but as a supplement thereto, and is taking steps to develop its use as an auxiliary international and administrative language. The British Council will include the teaching of Basic English in addition to its more general activities in promoting the teaching of English for its own sake. Diplomatic and commercial representatives in foreign countries will be asked to do all they can to encourage the spread of Basic English as an auxiliary language. It is also intended to arrange for the translation into Basic English of a wider range than is at present available of literature, scientific, technical and general, both from ordinary English and from foreign languages, and also to increase the supply of manuals of instruction in Basic English. Some Colonial Governments will be invited to issue handbooks in Basic English for Colonial peoples on agriculture, hygiene, etc., and to use it in some administrative instructions. The British Broadcasting Corporation has been asked to consider the use and teaching of Basic English in appropriate oversea programmes. Primary responsibility for questions affecting Basic English and for giving effect to the recommendations of the Committee of Ministers will rest with the Foreign Office through the British Council.

Basic English の意味背景

There is a problematic treatment of field specific words in both general language dictionaries as well as specialised dictionaries, which in this paper is exemplified using the sports and fitness subject fields as the point of departure and focusing on meaning explanations. Particu­larly the treatment in general dictionaries in many cases results in inadequate solutions that cannot sufficiently accommodate the dictionary users' needs if we consider these from the viewpoint of the function theory, according to which a dictionary is designed to help a specific user type with a punctual information need that has occurred in a specific type of extra-lexicographical user situa­tion. In this study, a total of 44 general and specialised information tools in English and Danish were analysed. The first part of the investigation involved an analysis of the introductory matter to determine the intended user situation(s) and user(s) of each tool. In the second part, a selected number of sports and/or fitness related lemmata in the dictionaries were analysed. These test words and their meaning explanations were in each dictionary compared to the dictionary's men­tioned user situation(s) and user(s). Based on this comparison, a number of identified problems with the meaning explanations are discussed, and a set of principles for best practice when pro­ducing meaning explanations of specialised terms is suggested. The study revealed that quite a number of these information tools either do not clearly specify their functions or, to some extent, cannot live up to their intended functions. Some additional interesting findings were also made as some of the dictionaries either explicitly or implicitly are designed with operative and interpreta­tive functions, which are functions that have yet not been fully incorporated into lexicographical theory. The overall findings from the study have led to a suggested function-based definition of meaning explanations to be applied in all types of information tools.

http://lexikos.journals.ac.za/pub/article/download/1360/843

The Incorporation of Specialised Data in Lexicographical Meaning Explanations: A Discussion Based on Sports and Fitness Terms

Joseph Conrad gained public admiration for the romantic glamour and atmosphere of his tales of the sea, of distant coasts and exotic locales, while his fellow artists and literary critics praised his superb use oflanguage, his writing style, and his narrative techniques. The following chronological account oftranslations and critical responses to them and of the discussions about the life and work of Joseph Conrad show, that in Slovenia, too, Conrad is considered to be one of the greatest  novelists in the English language.

Joseph Conrad in Slovene translations

Almost every learner or user of English as a second or foreign language owns a dictionary. It is sometimes one of the few things the learner retains from a language course and for many it is a long term learning aid. The enormous market generated by dictionary sales is naturally of great interest to publishers. Whereas the Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (OALD) has had virtually unchallenged domination of ESL dictionary sales for many years, recently other publishers have begun to pay attention to learner dictionaries.

On Dictionaries and Definitions

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On Dictionaries and Definitions