http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/5/31047/01444179.pdf

Fundamentals of acoustics

Technology and applications for the rendering of virtual acoustic spaces are reviewed. Chapter 1 deals with acoustics and psychoacoustics. Chapters 2 and 3 cover cues to spatial hearing and review psychoacoustic literature. Chapter 4 covers signal processing and systems overviews of 3-D sound systems. Chapter 5 covers applications to computer workstations, communication systems, aeronautics and space, and sonic arts. Chapter 6 lists resources. This TM is a reprint of the 1994 book from Academic Press.

/pdf/3-d-sound-for-virtual-reality-and-multimedia-jq7hovdm4r.pdf

3-D sound for virtual reality and multimedia

Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) is widely used for imaging, diffraction, and spectroscopy of materials down to atomic resolution. Recent advances in detector technology and computational methods have enabled many experiments that record a full image of the STEM probe for many probe positions, either in diffraction space or real space. In this paper, we review the use of these four-dimensional STEM experiments for virtual diffraction imaging, phase, orientation and strain mapping, measurements of medium-range order, thickness and tilt of samples, and phase contrast imaging methods, including differential phase contrast, ptychography, and others.

/pdf/four-dimensional-scanning-transmission-electron-microscopy-zrn1qkqvia.pdf

Four-Dimensional Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (4D-STEM): From Scanning Nanodiffraction to Ptychography and Beyond.

In a conventional single-exposure photograph, moving objects or moving cameras cause motion blur. The exposure time defines a temporal box filter that smears the moving object across the image by convolution. This box filter destroys important high-frequency spatial details so that deblurring via deconvolution becomes an ill-posed problem.Rather than leaving the shutter open for the entire exposure duration, we "flutter" the camera's shutter open and closed during the chosen exposure time with a binary pseudo-random sequence. The flutter changes the box filter to a broad-band filter that preserves high-frequency spatial details in the blurred image and the corresponding deconvolution becomes a well-posed problem. We demonstrate that manually-specified point spread functions are sufficient for several challenging cases of motion-blur removal including extremely large motions, textured backgrounds and partial occluders.

/pdf/coded-exposure-photography-motion-deblurring-using-fluttered-2munyjrk56.pdf

Coded exposure photography: motion deblurring using fluttered shutter

Sound-absorbing materials absorb most of the sound energy striking them, making them very useful for the control of noise. They are used in a variety of locations - close to sources of noise, in various paths, and sometimes close to receivers. Although all materials absorb some incident sound, the term "acoustical material" has been primarily applied to those materials that have been produced for the specific purpose of providing high values of absorption. The major uses of absorbing materials are almost invariably found to include the reduction of reverberant sound pressure levels and, consequently, the reduction of the reverberation time in enclosures, or rooms. A wide range of sound-absorbing materials exist. In the 1970s, public health concerns helped change the main constituents of sound-absorbing materials from asbestos-based materials to new synthetic fibers. Although, these new fibers are much safer for human health, more recently, issues related to global warming may increase the use of natural fibers instead of synthetic ones.

Recent Trends in Porous Sound-Absorbing Materials

Absorbers and diffusers are two of the main design tools for altering the acoustic conditions of rooms, semi-enclosed spaces and the outdoor environment. Their correct use is important for delivering high quality acoustics. \nUnique and authoritative, this book decribes how to effectively measure, model, design and apply diffusers and absorbers. It is a resource for new and experienced acousticians, seeking an understanding of the evolution, characteristics and application of modern diffusers. Absorption is a more established technology and so the book blends traditional designs with modern developments. The book covers practical and theoretical aspects of absorbers and diffusers and is well illustrated with examples of installations and case studies. \nThis new edition brings Acoustic Absorbers and Diffusers up-to-date with current research, practice and standards. New developments in measurement, materials, theory and practice since the first edition (published in 2004) are included. The sections on absorbers are extended to include more about noise control.

Acoustic Absorbers and Diffusers, Theory, design and application

Institute of Technical Acoustics, Technical University Aachen, 52056 Aachen, GermanySummaryThere is a need to be able to quantify how sound is reected from a surface, in terms of how it is spatiallydispersed. In recent years, di usion and scattering coe cients have been developed to enable room acousticpredictionmodelstobemoreaccurate,anddesignerstoevaluatetheworthofdi usingsurfaces.Twocoe cientshave been, or are about to be, enshrined in standards. With two coe cients being standardised, there is greatpotential for confusion. This paper is intended to bring together authors from di erent areas to explain where thecoe cients should and should not be applied. In addition, this tutorial paper will revisit the rationale behind thecoe cients and contrast the coe cient denitions and performance.

A tutorial on scattering and diffusion coefficients for room acoustic surfaces

The (110) faces of lysozyme crystals in their mother liquor have been investigated using an atomic force microscope (AFM) in height mode. Crystal growth and dissolution steps, as well as simultaneous growth and dissolution in pits, have been observed. Screw dislocations were also observed but the fine structure has not yet been investigated. Images that may possess molecular resolution were obtained and compared with theoretical images based on the crystallographic structure and the effects of arbitrary tip profiles. Crystallographic periodicities of 38 and 112 A were observed. A recurring feature is a centered periodic array of minima that may be associated with one of the two nearly planar sheets of molecules present in the crystal that are parallel to the (110) faces.

Observation of growth steps, spiral dislocations and molecular packing on the surface of lysozyme crystals with the atomic force microscope.

The molecular structure of dimethyl diselenide has been determined by an electron diffraction investigation of the vapor. A computerized background correction routine, satisfying the positivity and area criteria, was employed to reduce the data and obtain a final molecular intensity curve. The values for a set of nine distances and amplitudes were obtained from a least‐squares fit to the final molecular intensity curve. The bonded distances are rg(C–H) = 1.131 ± 0.008 A, rg(C–Se) = 1.954 ± 0.005 A, and rg(Se–Se) = 2.326 ± 0.004 A. The corresponding amplitudes are l(C–H) = 0.079 ± 0.007 A, l(C–Se) = 0.054 ± 0.003 A, and l(Se–Se) = 0.056 ± 0.002 A. The ∠CSeSe = 98.9 ± 0.02° and the ∠HCSe = 108.4 ± 0.8°. The errors are estimated to be at the 99% confidence level. The methyl groups are unsymmetrically placed with respect to the CSeSe planes. They are rotated about the C–Se bonds such that one of the HCSe planes in each CH3Se moiety makes an angle of 36.1 ± 6° with the respective CSeSe plane. Dimethyl diseleni...

Electron Diffraction Investigation of Dimethyl Diselenide

http://journals.iucr.org/b/issues/1980/10/00/a19158/a19158.pdf

Powder neutron diffraction study of chemically prepared β-lead dioxide

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