Preceramic polymers were proposed over 30 years ago as precursors for the fabrication of mainly Si-based advanced ceramics, generally denoted as polymer-derived ceramics (PDCs). The polymer to ceramic transformation process enabled significant technological breakthroughs in ceramic science and technology, such as the development of ceramic fibers, coatings, or ceramics stable at ultrahigh temperatures (up to 2000°C) with respect to decomposition, crystallization, phase separation, and creep. In recent years, several important advances have been achieved such as the discovery of a variety of functional properties associated with PDCs. Moreover, novel insights into their structure at the nanoscale level have contributed to the fundamental understanding of the various useful and unique features of PDCs related to their high chemical durability or high creep resistance or semiconducting behavior. From the processing point of view, preceramic polymers have been used as reactive binders to produce technical ceramics, they have been manipulated to allow for the formation of ordered pores in the meso-range, they have been tested for joining advanced ceramic components, and have been processed into bulk or macroporous components. Consequently, possible fields of applications of PDCs have been extended significantly by the recent research and development activities. Several key engineering fields suitable for application of PDCs include high-temperature-resistant materials (energy materials, automotive, aerospace, etc.), hard materials, chemical engineering (catalyst support, food- and biotechnology, etc.), or functional materials in electrical engineering as well as in micro/nanoelectronics. The science and technological development of PDCs are highly interdisciplinary, at the forefront of micro- and nanoscience and technology, with expertise provided by chemists, physicists, mineralogists, and materials scientists, and engineers. Moreover, several specialized industries have already commercialized components based on PDCs, and the production and availability of the precursors used has dramatically increased over the past few years. In this feature article, we highlight the following scientific issues related to advanced PDCs research: (1) General synthesis procedures to produce silicon-based preceramic polymers.
(2) Special microstructural features of PDCs.
(3) Unusual materials properties of PDCs, that are related to their unique nanosized microstructure that makes preceramic polymers of great and topical interest to researchers across a wide spectrum of disciplines.
(4) Processing strategies to fabricate ceramic components from preceramic polymers.
(5) Discussion and presentation of several examples of possible real-life applications that take advantage of the special characteristics of preceramic polymers. Note: In the past, a wide range of specialized international symposia have been devoted to PDCs, in particular organized by the American Ceramic Society, the European Materials Society, and the Materials Research Society. Most of the reviews available on PDCs are either not up to date or deal with only a subset of preceramic polymers and ceramics (e.g., silazanes to produce SiCN-based ceramics). Thus, this review is focused on a large number of novel data and developments, and contains materials from the literature but also from sources that are not widely available.

Polymer-Derived Ceramics: 40 Years of Research and Innovation in Advanced Ceramics

Biopolymer-based hydrogels as scaffolds for tissue engineering applications: a review

https://repositorium.sdum.uminho.pt/bitstream/1822/14053/1/file.pdf

Natural–origin polymers as carriers and scaffolds for biomolecules and cell delivery in tissue engineering applications

Intensive exploration and research in the past few decades on polysaccharide nanocrystals, the highly crystalline nanoscale materials derived from natural resources, mainly focused originally on their use as a reinforcing nanophase in nanocomposites. However, these investigations have led to the emergence of more diverse potential applications exploiting the functionality of these nanomaterials. Based on the construction strategies of functional nanomaterials, this article critically and comprehensively reviews the emerging polysaccharide nanocrystal-based functional nanomaterials with special applications, such as biomedical materials, biomimetic optical nanomaterials, bio-inspired mechanically adaptive nanomaterials, permselective nanostructured membranes, template for synthesizing inorganic nanoparticles, polymer electrolytes, emulsion nano-stabilizer and decontamination of organic pollutants. We focus on the preparation, unique properties and performances of the different polysaccharide nanocrystal materials. At the same time, the advantages, physicochemical properties and chemical modifications of polysaccharide nanocrystals are also comparatively discussed in view of materials development. Finally, the perspective and current challenges of polysaccharide nanocrystals in future functional nanomaterials are outlined.

Preparation, properties and applications of polysaccharide nanocrystals in advanced functional nanomaterials: a review

Hydrogels are macromolecular networks able to absorb and release water solutions in a reversible manner, in response to specific environmental stimuli. Such stimuli-sensitive behaviour makes hydrogels appealing for the design of ‘smart’ devices, applicable in a variety of technological fields. In particular, in cases where either ecological or biocompatibility issues are concerned, the biodegradability of the hydrogel network, together with the control of the degradation rate, may provide additional value to the developed device. This review surveys the design and the applications of cellulose-based hydrogels, which are extensively investigated due to the large availability of cellulose in nature, the intrinsic degradability of cellulose and the smart behaviour displayed by some cellulose derivatives. Keywords: Hydrogels; cellulose; biodegradation. 1. Introduction Hydrophilic polymers can swell and absorb water without dissolving, provided that chemical or physical crosslinks exist among the macromolecular chains. The polymer network resulting from the crosslinks swells in the aqueous solvent, until the thermodynamic force of swelling is totally counterbalanced by the elastic, retractive force exerted by the crosslinks. This ‘solid-like solution’ of polymer and water resulting at equilibrium is known as a hydrogel. The amount of water retained by

Biodegradable Cellulose-based Hydrogels: Design and Applications

Biomimetic mineralisation of apatites on Ca2+ activated cellulose templates

Ceramic Tapes from Preceramic Polymers

Nickel acetate doped poly(methylphenylsilsesquioxane) with and without silicon filler loading was pyrolysed in argon atmosphere between 800 and 1500 °C. The ceramic residues were investigated with specific view of the nanoaggregates formed in pores during the polymer-to-ceramic conversion. After pyrolysis at 900 °C carbon nanotubes as well as nanowires with a crystalline SiC core and an amorphous SiO2 shell were found in Si filler-free and Si filler-loaded samples, respectively. The evolution of the microstructure and the composition of these carbon nanotubes and SiC/SiO2 nanowires were studied by HREM, SEM, EELS, EFTEM and evolved gas analysis. (© 2005 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

/pdf/nanoprocesses-in-polymer-derived-si-o-c-ceramics-2z9xim2mzh.pdf

Nanoprocesses in polymer‐derived Si–O–C ceramics: Electronmicroscopic observations and reaction kinetics

Thin-walled (wall thickness, 100-2000 μm) mono- and bilayered ceramic tubes in the system Si-O-C-(N) were obtained by centrifugal casting of a polysiloxane/filler suspension. Si and SiC powders were dispersed in polyorganosiloxane/triethoxysilane solutions. After centrifugal casting in a Teflon tube with a rotational speed of 2000 rpm and subsequent cross-linking at 130°C and 60 rpm, the tubes were pyrolyzed in argon or in nitrogen at 1400-1600°C. Bilayered tubes with controlled variation of porosity were obtained by overcasting the monolayer green tubes with a modified slurry composition.

Centrifugal Casting of Thin‐Walled Ceramic Tubes from Preceramic Polymers

Biomacromolecules control and direct the formation of biominerals and hard tissues in nature. In many cases, polysaccharides are involved during the assembly of the inorganic phase as template. Natural and regenerated polysaccharides exhibit a hierarchical multiscale order as well as self-assembly properties and they appear in a large variety of accessible structures. Therefore, the application of polysaccharide-based structures and composites is a promising approach for the formation of patterned and hierarchically structured inorganic functional and structural materials. The authors report on recent advancements on the biotemplated formation of inorganic functional materials using polysaccharides. Owing to their structural diversity, polysaccharides can be used at various levels from the molecular scale up to complex three-dimensional parts. The versatility of polysaccharide templating is shown on one-dimensional (1D) cellulose nanocrystals for formation of inorganic nanotubes. Two-dimensional (2D) Lang...

Biotemplating of inorganic functional materials from polysaccharides

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