https://escholarship.org/content/qt14v431ps/qt14v431ps.pdf?t=qmvd6o

Reduced grid operating costs and renewable energy curtailment with electric vehicle charge management

Flexibility categorization, sources, capabilities and technologies for energy-flexible and grid-responsive buildings: State-of-the-art and future perspective

Mitigating Curtailment and Carbon Emissions through Load Migration between Data Centers

Buildings consume 75% of U.S. electricity; therefore, improving the efficiency and flexibility of building operations could increase the reliability and resilience of the rapidly-changing electricity system. We estimate the technical potential near- and long-term impacts of best available building efficiency and flexibility measures on annual electricity use and hourly demand across the contiguous U.S. Co-deployment of building efficiency and flexibility avoids up to 742 TWh of annual electricity use and 181 GW of daily net peak load in 2030, rising to 800 TWh and 208 GW by 2050; at least 59 GW and 69 GW of the peak reductions are dispatchable. Implementing efficiency measures alongside flexibility measures reduces the potential for off-peak load increases, underscoring limitations on load shifting in efficient buildings. Overall, however, we find a substantial building-grid resource that could reduce future fossil-fired generation needs while also reducing dependence on energy storage with increasing variable renewable energy penetration.

/pdf/u-s-building-energy-efficiency-and-flexibility-as-an-3cenih0jv1.pdf

U.S. Building Energy Efficiency and Flexibility as an Electric Grid Resource

Energy flexibility quantification of grid-responsive buildings: Energy flexibility index and assessment of their effectiveness for applications

Author(s): Alstone, Peter; Potter, Jennifer; Piette, Mary Ann; Schwartz, Peter; Berger, Michael A; Dunn, Laurel N; Smith, Sarah J; Sohn, Michael D; Aghajanzadeh, Arian; Stensson, Sofia; Szinai, Julia; Walter, Travis; McKenzie, Lucy; Lavin, Luke; Schneiderman, Brendan; Mileva, Ana; Cutter, Eric; Olson, Arne; Bode, Josh L; Ciccone, Adriana; Jain, Ankit | Abstract: California’s legislative and regulatory goals for renewable energy are changing the power grid’s dynamics. Increased variable generation resource penetration connected to the bulk power system, as well as, distributed energy resources (DERs) connected to the distribution system affect the grid’s reliable operation over many different time scales (e.g., days to hours to minutes to seconds). As the state continues this transition, it will require careful planning to ensure resources with the right characteristics are available to meet changing grid management needs.Demand response (DR) has the potential to provide important resources for keeping the electricity grid stable and efficient, to defer upgrades to generation, transmission and distribution systems, and to deliver customer economic benefits. This study estimates the potential size and cost of future DR resources for California’s three investor-owned utilities (IOUs): Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PGaE), Southern California Edison Company (SCE), and San Diego Gas a Electric Company (SDGaE).Our goal is to provide data-driven insights as the California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC) evaluates how to enhance DR’s role in meeting California’s resource planning needs and operational requirements. We address two fundamental questions:What cost-competitive DR service types will meet California’s future grid needs as it moves towards clean energy and advanced infrastructure?What is the size and cost of the expected resource base for the DR service types?Demand response operates across a range of timescales from transient responses in seconds to long-run shifts in daily behavior, and the value created by DR depends on the timescale of the response. This dynamic necessitated a new framework for potential study analysis, and we developed a supply curve modeling framework to express the availability of system-level grid services from distributed resources, based on large samples of Smart Meter Load Shapes. To facilitate comparisons between the cost and value created from having a diverse set of flexible loads, we created a new DR services taxonomy and an analytic framework that groups these services into four core categories: Shape, Shift, Shed and Shimmy.Shape captures DR that reshapes customer load profiles through price response or on behavioral campaigns—"load-modifying DR"—with advance notice of months to days. Energy Technologies Area 2025 California Demand Response Potential Study 03/01/17 Final Report on Phase 2 Results 1-2Shift represents DR that encourages the movement of energy consumption from times of high demand to times of day when there is a surplus of renewable generation. Shift could smooth net load ramps associated with daily patterns of solar energy generation.Shed describes loads that can be curtailed to provide peak capacity and support the system in emergency or contingency events—at the statewide level, in local areas of high load, and on the distribution system, with a range in dispatch advance notice times.Shimmy involves using loads to dynamically adjust demand on the system to alleviate short-run ramps and disturbances at timescales ranging from seconds up to an hour.

/pdf/2015-california-demand-response-potential-study-charting-1yjhx4rtwe.pdf

2015 California Demand Response Potential Study - Charting California’s Demand Response Future: Interim Report on Phase 1 Results

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2015 California Demand Response Potential Study - Charting California’s Demand Response Future: Interim Report on Phase 1 Results