2. History and development to 1984

The aim of this piece of work is presenting the nature of
combatives taxonomy as it is seen from Tyrs tradition in the
Czech Republic. Dr. Miroslav Tyrs was a co-founder of SOKOL
movement and creator of extraordinaly terminology of physical
education which is still used in both of Czech and Slovak
Republic. In this article we described taxonomy of combatives.
It comes out from Tyrs work but it is builded according to
todays combative realities. The systems of combatives derived
from a hierarchy of three levels, preparatory combatives,
combative sports, and self-defence, respectively. The three
levels are relatively independent although there is some
overlap between them. Taxonomy of combatives is valuable also
as a didactics tool.

Taxonomy of combatives as it is seen from Tyrš tradition in theCzech Republic

At the end of the 19 th century in the Czech Republic a new way of physical exercise entitled the “Sokol” or “Tyrs” system appeared. It spread to all the countries where Slavs lived and thus arrived among the Serbs who lived on the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina. A group of Serbs from Foca in 1893 tried to establish the Serbian Soko society but the Austro-Hungarian authorities did not allow it. The first Serbian gymnastic society on the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina called “Obilic” was founded in 1904 in Mostar. Many educated people of that time participated in the work of the Soko organizations, among them the medical doctor Branko Cubrilovic. The main subject of this paper is Branko Cubrilovic and his connections with Serbian Sokolism and the aim is to highlight his role in the development of Serbian Sokolism, primarily in the areas of Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as in other areas where Serbs lived. The authors used a historical method.

/pdf/branko-cubrilovic-and-serbian-sokolism-5y356ajl5q.pdf

Branko čubrilović and serbian sokolism

Summary The history of the 19th century, filled with various social turning points and diverse ups and downs, points equally clearly to the need for organised physical exercising. Naturally, there are various reasons for that, but they could be all classified in three groups: a) as the need – for physical exercise, that salutary food for a human being; b) as politics – due to waging of both the wars of conquest and wars of defence; c) and as ideology – which can be noted in the need for emerging and development of ethnocentric development of physical exercising. As always, people who could see farther and better than others thanks to their education, vision and emphasised patriotism were behind the idea of the need for organised physical exercising. Such people could be found in every part of turbulent Europe and each of them cared for and tried to help in preservation of their own people. In the territories populated by the Serbs we should mention the educators and patriots who raised high the torch of enlightenment working at the times full of challenges and difficult social circumstances. They were Vasa Pelagić, Djordje Natošević and Steva Todorović.

Organised physical exercising of the 19th century: The need, politics, ideology

Development of basketball in the territory we are talking about, during the WW II, remained quite un-researched, so the subject and the goal of this paper is to research, analyze, highlight and obtain from oblivion that same period. We hope to stir up the sports historians, and also other readers interested in history of sports for further research. During writing usual historical method was used (finding of primary historical sources, their critics, as also the finding and studying of the secondary historical sources) . A numerous sources made in that time were reviewed and consulted (magazines, newspapers, papers, records, reports, overwrites, etc.) in: archives, libraries, institutes, private archives and museums of sports of former Yugoslavia, as also the sources made afterword. During 1941 basketball took place in Belgrade, Novi Sad, Split, Šibenik, Dubrovnik and Kotor. The competitions were played occasionally but most intensively in Belgrade. Serbian Basketball Federation was founded in September, also in Belgrade.

Basketball in territory of former Yugoslavia in 1941

Vaso pelagic, the first theoretician of physical culture in bosnia and herzegovina

The beginnings of Sokolism bind to the second half of the 19 th century, namely to the Czech Miroslav Tyrs and its system of physical exercise. After the founding in the Czech Republic, Sokol movement began to spread in all Slavic countries as well as in those where Slavic nations lived. In this way, Sokolism arrived among Serbs who lived in America (USA), and they began to accept the idea of Sokolism in the mid-1907. In early 1909 began to appear the first initiatives for the establishment of Serbian Soko Societies. During 1909 two societies were founded, the in the next year five more, in 1911 three societies and in 1912 more than ten. In the second half of 1911 was established the union of Serbian Soko societies in America called Serbian Soko Parish in America (SSPA). Serbian Soko Society in Cleveland, Ohio, which is also the main subject of this research, was founded in the first half of 1912. The aim of the authors is to explore and present the exact date of the founding of this Society, the main initiators and founders, members and activities of the Society during its work. In this study authors used the historical method.

/pdf/serbian-soko-in-cleveland-ohio-19jw7g663a.pdf

„serbian soko“ in cleveland, ohio

Summary The end of the 20th and the first decade of the 21st century are characterized by a technological development which could be described as having revolutionary speed. If we were to look back on the revolutionary events during the 17th and 18th century, in the domain of great scientific changes, changes in industry, agriculture, economy, the organization of social relations (democracy and socialism), we could say that we are witnesses to this sixth technological revolution. All these civilizational leaps forward have conditioned, quite expectedly, big changes in our profession. This has been reflected in the goals which have been imposed by social changes initiated by numerous revolutionary changes. Even though man and his need for physical exercise, as the nourishing food necessary for his being, have remained the same, the circumstances which have imposed different living conditions have required changes in our profession. Naturally, this was reflected in our science as well (which we refer to by different names today). The time we live in, caught up in this new sixth technological revolution, requires a different approach to man and his personality. Now, the question is not only how to “drag” him out of a sedentary culture, but also how to fight the increasingly present physical and intellectual inactivity. Through perfectly guided marketing activities which have been made possible by the implementation of new technological aids, man has been drawn into the hedonistic waters of his own inactivity. And unfortunately, he cannot free himself from this skillfully set trap. That is why physical culture and science must be included in finding a means of helping man find his way out of this hedonistic labyrinth and return to his roots.

Science and Physical Culture – A Glimpse into the Future

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