Pertti Lahdenperä

TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a two-stage target-cost contracting system, which combines early selection and price containment, and the calculated tender price is based on both the owner's estimates and the tenderers' unit cost and overhead data while the project scope is not yet fully established.

TL;DR: In this article, a two-stage target-cost (2STC) arrangement has been proposed as the solution to the missing price during early involvement/selection and the principal-agent setting, which tend to leave the project owner in doubt of the reasonableness of pricing when it is fixed only later after the joint design phase involving the service provider and the owner.

TL;DR: In this article, an early involvement of the construction team is increasingly utilized in demanding projects to incorporate versatile expertise in their planning, where the price component naturally does not include the total price, but may consist only of the fee percentage of competing service providers.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors compared the operating principles and performance of design-bid-build, construction management, design-build (DB), and DBM based on an international interview survey and an extensive literature review.