Fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) are important pests of many fruits and vegetables. In this study, the external morphology, types, and distribution of antennal sensilla in both male and female adults of the six fruit fly species, including Bactrocera tau (Walker), Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett), Bactrocera minax (Enderlein), Bactrocera diaphora (Hendel), and Bactrocera scutellata (Hendel), were observed by using scanning electron microscopy. The antennae of the six fruit fly species consist of a basal scape, pedicel, and an elongated flagellum. Arising from the proximal dorsal ridge of flagellum there is an arista consisting of two short basal segments and a long thin distal segment. Six distinct morphological types of sensilla are recorded in both sexes, including microtrichial sensilla, sensilla chaetica, sensilla trichoid, sensilla basiconica, short type of sensilla basiconica, and sensilla coeloconica. The abundance and distribution of these six sensilla types on the antennae of both sexes are recorded. In addition, the possible functions of the above-mentioned sensilla types are discussed in light of previously published literature. The functions include the mechanoreception of microtrichial sensilla, sensilla chaetica, and sensilla trichoid; olfactory functions of sensilla basiconic, and sensilla coeloconica; and thermoreception of the short type of sensilla basiconica. Future functional antennal morphology and electrophysiological studies are needed to confirm these proposed functions.

https://bioone.org/journals/annals-of-the-entomological-society-of-america/volume-103/issue-4/AN09170/Morphological-Characterization-and-Distribution-of-Antennal-Sensilla-of-Six-Fruit/10.1603/AN09170.pdf

Morphological Characterization and Distribution of Antennal Sensilla of Six Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Four types of sensilla are present on the antennal surface of four tropical tephritid species of economic importanc—the Mexican fruit fly, Anastrepha ludens (Loew); the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann); the melon fly, Dacus cucurbitae Coquillett; and the oriental fruit fly, D. dorsalis Hendel. Three types of porous sensilla occur only on the funiculus. Two types of multiporous pitted sensilla (MPS)—thick-walled and thin-walled—house dendritic branches, and both are probably chemoreceptors. Electrophysiological recordings from cells associated with a thick-walled MPS in C. capitata showed that it responds to trimedlure, a known attractant. Multiporous grooved sensilla also occurring on the funiculus were, however, too small for recordings. No-pore sensilla are found only on the scape and pedicel, and electrophysiological recordings show them to be mechanoreceptors.

/pdf/tephritid-olfaction-morphology-of-the-antennae-of-four-1boxs5l168.pdf

Tephritid Olfaction: Morphology of the Antennae of Four Tropical Species of Economic Importance (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Antennal morphology and funicular sensilla of male and female papaya fruit fly, Toxotrypana curvicauda Gerstaecker, were studied with light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Antennae were 3-segmented, consisting of a scape, a pedicel, a flagellum or funiculus that bears the arista. Antennal segments of males showed a trend toward slightly greater dimensions than those of females, but the differences were not significant. Numerous microtrichia as well as trichoid, basiconic, clavate, and styloconic sensilla were observed on the funiculus, and the sensillar characteristics were similar to those reported for other tephritid species. Males and females did not differ in total number or type of sensilla found on the funiculus, but trichoid and clavate sensilla were significantly larger in females. This difference may be related to female chemoreception of male-emitted sex pheromone and of host plant volatiles.

Antennal Sensilla of Toxotrypana curvicauda (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Ουσίeς που βρέθηκαν σe αρσeνικά ή θηλυκά άτομα του eντόμου Dacus oleae και που αναφέρονται σαν φeρομόνeς, διeγeίρουν δηλαδή κάποια μορφή βιολογικής αντίδρασης σe δοκιμές eργαστηρίου ή αγρού, eξeτάστηκαν μe την τeχνική του ηλeκτροαντeνογράφου (ΗΑΓ). Ουσίeς που δeν απαντώνται στο έντομο αυτό και που eπeλέγησαν για eιδικούς λόγους, eξeτάστηκαν eπίσης μe την ίδια τeχνική σαν πιθανές φeρομόνeς. Όλeς οι ουσίeς που eξeτάστηκαν ανeξάρτητα αν απαντώνται στο έντομο ή όχι, έδeιξαν αντίδραση κάποιου βαθμού και στα δυο φύλα του eντόμου που προέρχονταν eίτe από τeχνητή eκτροφή eίτe από άγριους πληθυσμούς. Η ουσία 1,7-διοξασπυρο (5,5) eνδeκάνιο, η κύρια φeρομόνη του δάκου, έδeιξe την ισχυρότeρη αντίδραση σe μικρές συγκeντρώσeις. Στη μeγαλύτeρη συγκέντρωση που δοκιμάστηκe, η eννeανάλη, ένα από τα τέσσeρα συστατικά του μίγματος φeρομόνης, έδeιξe την ισχυρότeρη αντίδραση. Οι αντιδράσeις του eντόμου στις διάφορeς ουσίeς μeτά από eθισμό των αισθητηρίων οσφρήσeως στην κύρια φeρομόνη ή στην eννeανάλη, έδeιξαν ότι οι δυο αυτές ουσίeς ανιχνeύονται από διαφορeτικά αισθητήρια. Η eυαισθησία και η eξeιδίκeυση των αισθητηρίων σχολιάζeται μe βάση τις ηλeκτροφυσιολογίeς αυτές παρατηρήσeις.

/pdf/electroantennogram-responses-from-olfactory-receptors-in-3huydyghy0.pdf

Electroantennogram responses from olfactory receptors in Dαcus oleαe

The robber fly Mallophora ruficauda is a parasitoid of white grubs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) inhabiting in Pampas region of Argentina Females locate host’s habitat and lay eggs away from the host in tall grasses After hatching, larvae fall to the ground and actively seek hosts Previous works suggested that female would detect the presence of host’s chemical cues, but sensory organs involved in olfaction are still unknown However, few studies have looked at dipteran parasitoids sensilla, and no study has been undertaken in Asilidae species The aim of this work was to determine the presence, density, distribution and morphology of chemosensilla in M ruficauda antennae using optic and scanning microscope techniques We found that antennae have 4 segments: scape, pedicel, postpedicel and style We identified basiconic and trichoid sensilla, small and long bristles, and sensory pits Basiconic sensilla are multiporous and are widely spread between the small bristles through the postpedicel Trichoid sensilla are grouped in 6–8 units on latero-ventral margin of postpedicel, have mobile base, striated wall and an apical porous Small bristles are present in the pedicel and postpedicel, and long bristles are found in groups on scape and pedicel Three different types of sensory pits were observed, with basiconic sensilla, distributed along external and internal lateral side of the postpedicel Considering the morphological characteristics of the antennae, and based on the olfaction biomechanics, the structure and distribution of these cuticular structures of the parasitoid antennae would contribute to the odour detection mechanism in adults of M ruficauda

Description of antennal structures of the parasitoid Mallophora ruficauda (Diptera: Asilidae) and its relationship with resources searching behaviour

Funicular sensilla of Dacus oleae: Fine structural characteristics.

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Funicular sensilla of Dacus oleae: Fine structural characteristics.