Femtosecond filamentation in transparent media

Modern laser sources nowadays deliver ultrashort light pulses reaching few cycles in duration and peak powers exceeding several terawatt (TW). When such pulses propagate through optically transparent media, they first self-focus in space and grow in intensity, until they generate a tenuous plasma by photo-ionization. For free electron densities and beam intensities below their breakdown limits, these pulses evolve as self-guided objects, resulting from successive equilibria between the Kerr focusing process, the chromatic dispersion of the medium and the defocusing action of the electron plasma. Discovered one decade ago, this self-channeling mechanism reveals a new physics, widely extending the frontiers of nonlinear optics. Implications include long-distance propagation of TW beams in the atmosphere, supercontinuum emission, pulse shortening as well as high-order harmonic generation. This review presents the landmarks of the 10-odd-year progress in this field. Particular emphasis is laid on the theoretical modeling of the propagation equations, whose physical ingredients are discussed from numerical simulations. The dynamics of single filaments created over laboratory scales in various materials such as noble gases, liquids and dielectrics reveal new perspectives in pulse shortening techniques. Far-field spectra provide promising diagnostics. Attention is also paid to the multifilamentation instability of broad beams, breaking up the energy distribution into small-scale cells along the optical path. The robustness of the resulting filaments in adverse weathers, their large conical emission exploited for multipollutant remote sensing, nonlinear spectroscopy and the possibility of guiding electric discharges in air are finally addressed on the basis of experimental results.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0034-4885/70/10/R03/pdf

Ultrashort filaments of light in weakly ionized, optically transparent media

The application of the chirped-pulse amplification technique to solid-state lasers combined with the availability of broad-bandwidth materials has made possible the development of small-scale terawatt and now even petawatt (1000-terawatt) laser systems. The laser technology used to produce these intense pulses and examples of new phenomena resulting from the application of these systems to atomic and plasma physics are described.

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/264/5161/917.full.pdf

Terawatt to Petawatt Subpicosecond Lasers

There is a strong deviation from the usual τ1/2 scaling of laser damage fluence for pulses below 10 ps in dielectric materials. This behavior is a result of the transition from a thermally dominated damage mechanism to one dominated by plasma formation on a time scale too short for significant energy transfer to the lattice. This new mechanism of damage (material removal) is accompanied by a qualitative change in the morphology of the interaction site and essentially no collateral damage. High precision machining of all dielectrics (oxides, fluorides, explosives, teeth, glasses, ceramics, SiC, etc.) with no thermal shock or distortion of the remaining material by this mechanism is described.

Ultrashort-pulse laser machining of dielectric materials

We review the generation of broadband THz radiation from femtosecond photo-induced gas plasmas, with an emphasis on the highly efficient "AC-bias" case where the plasma is generated and driven by a superposition of fundamental and second-harmonic optical fields. The dependence on experimental parameters such as pulse energy, air pressure, polarization and focusing are presented, and compared to the predictions from semi-quantitative models for the THz generation process, namely (i) a microscopic photocurrent model and (ii) a four. wave mixing model. We also employ these models to the case of few-cycle pulses, where the observed THz emission is related directly to the carrier-envelope phase of the pulses, and hence provides a mechanism with which to measure this phase.

Broadband THz emission from gas plasmas induced by femtosecond optical pulses: From fundamentals to applications

The absolute yield of multiply charged ions of the noble gases argon, krypton, and xenon as a function of laser intensity in the range of ${10}^{13}$\ensuremath{\le}I\ensuremath{\le}5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{14}$ W/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ is reported. The actual numbers of ions produced using a well-characterized tunable picosecond dye laser were measured. These absolute measurements allow a direct, quantitative comparison of the data with theory. Both lowest-order perturbation theory and the ``tunneling ionization'' theory of Keldysh are used to model the experiment. Ionization rates obtained from the Keldysh theory are in quantitative agreement with the experimental results for production of the first charge state only. Reasons for the inability of the Keldysh theory to describe the production of multiply charged ions are discussed.

Multiphoton ionization of the noble gases by an intense 1014-W/cm2 dye laser.

Nonresonant multiphoton ionization of noble gases: Theory and experiment.

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Multiphoton ionization of the noble gases by an intense 1014-W/cm2 dye laser.

Nonresonant multiphoton ionization of noble gases: Theory and experiment.