The lavas of the Mt. Somma volcanic epoch were erupted during the early stage of the Somma-Vesuvius volcanic complex. These lavas are mildly differentiated with the presence of plagioclase-clinopyroxene-olivine- ± leucite-bearing lavas (leucite tephrites, leucite-bearing shoshonites, latites), also characterized by low in MgO, Cr and Ni, with a Sr-Nd-isotope range (87Sr/86Sr = 0.706865–0.707861; 143Nd/144Nd = 0.51244–0.51258) that overlaps with those of the late stage Vesuvius lavas erupted after 1638 CE (late stage of the Somma-Vesuvius volcanic complex). Differentiation is dominated by closed-system processes, with fractional crystallization of clinopyroxene, calcic plagioclase, olivine, magnetite, and leucite. Open-system differentiation processes are subordinate and associated with limited interaction with crustal rocks. Oxygen isotopes on clinopyroxene and olivine phenocrysts (δ18O = 6.5–7.9 ‰) are higher than typical uncontaminated mantle magmas, suggesting a crustal contribution to the melt. Although open-system assimilation + fractional crystallization certainly took place, this process alone does not adequately reproduce the chemical and isotopic composition of the Mt. Somma ultrapotassic magmas. Therefore, a contribution from a recycled crustal component in the mantle source is required, probably dominated by sediment-derived fluids and melts. The Mt. Somma lavas are characterized by distinctly different geochemical features compared to the mafic products of the neighboring volcanic areas (i.e., Phlegrean, Procida and Ischia volcanic fields), where the recycled crustal component is less pronounced. 

The geochemistry of leucite-bearing lavas from early stages of the Somma-Vesuvius volcanic complex: Feeder systems and mantle enrichment processes in the Neapolitan district of the Roman Magmatic Province

Sr and Nd isotopic ratios along with (REE + Y) and other trace elements were measured in bedded travertines from three quarries at Tivoli Terme, Latium, aimed at deciphering their chemical and isotopic characteristics for the origin and evolution of fluids. Travertines, which were deposited between ∼81 and ∼54 ka BP, display high Sr and low REY contents along with REYPAAS patterns, supporting their fluid origin mainly from marine rocks, in particular the Upper Triassic Burano Evaporite Fm. This has been confirmed by the narrow ranges of δ87Sr and εNd values, close to those of that formation and other Mesozoic marine carbonates from central Italy. A sample of today's thermal water from Tivoli Terme provided a REYPAAS pattern and a δ87Sr value comparable with travertines, both features supporting that today's water is analog to past hydrothermal fluids. The overlap of the chemical and Sr–Nd isotopic compositions of coeval travertines and thermal waters from Tivoli and Acquasanta Terme, Marche, suggests a common fluid origin, ruling out any significant contribution from magmatic fluids/rocks to Tivoli travertines, yet deposited at the periphery of the Alban Hills volcano. Lastly, the geochemical results provide implications for regional neotectonics and the role of CO2-rich fluid pressure in fault activation, even in mildly active to almost inactive tectonic domains. 

Elemental and Sr–Nd isotopic evidence for unravelling the origin of the low-temperature geothermal fluids of Tivoli Terme (Latium, central Italy) between erosional S4 and S3 phases (upper Pleistocene) and neotectonics implications

The systematic study of faults that have released strong earthquakes in the past is a challenge for seismic hazard assessment. In carbonate landscapes, the use of rare earth element (REE) concentrations on slickensides may aid the reconstruction of fault slip history. We applied this methodology to the Caggiano normal fault (Southern Apennines, Italy), cropping out southeast of the Irpinia 1980 CE earthquake fault (Mw 6.9), which was responsible for both the 1561 CE and partly the 1857 CE Basilicata earthquakes (Mw 6.7 and 7.1). We integrated the REE analysis approach with a high-resolution topographic analysis along 98 serial topographic profiles to measure vertical separations attributable to faulting since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). The asymmetric scarp height profiles suggest fault-lateral propagation and along-strike variations in the fault evolution. Our results indicate the occurrence of 7 to 11 earthquakes with variable slip between ~40 cm and ~70 cm within post-LGM times. We estimated the magnitudes of the respective earthquakes, between 5.5 and 7.0, and most commonly between 6.3 and 6.5. The results suggest a recurrence time between 1.6 k.y. and 2.3 k.y. and a slip rate ranging between 0.6 mm/yr and 0.9 mm/yr. This approach may be useful for application to carbonate fault planes in similar tectonic contexts worldwide.

Coupling rare earth element analyses and high-resolution topography along fault scarps to investigate past earthquakes: A case study from the Southern Apennines (Italy)

Biogenic limestones from three sections (north, central, and south) across peninsular Italy have been analysed for major and trace elements and Nd, Pb, and Sr isotopic ratios. These data are used to monitor the evolution of the Tethys Ocean from the Triassic through to the Miocene. Limestones’ major, trace, and REE elements contents are consistent with their formation in seawater with little sign of crustal, volcanic, or hydrothermal input. V/Cr and Ce/Ce* ratios indicate their deposition in oxygenated waters. Rb-Sr-Ba discrimination diagram, consistent with the immobile trace element distribution, indicates that limestone deposition took place in either marginal or open ocean environments. Ages based on stratigraphy are in good agreement with the chronostratigraphic Sr curves implying that the Tethys ocean, throughout its history, was in contact with the open, global, ocean system. Although the isotopic values of Sr and Nd are relatively restricted, Pb is extremely variable and highly radiogenic. High Pb isotope ratios characterise limestones deposited during the rifting of the southern Tethyan ocean in the Lower Jurassic and in the Lower Cretaceous, suggesting stronger crustal inputs in small basins. The weighted average, present-day, isotope values (AIL = average Italian limestone) for the Italian limestones, excluding anomalous samples, are 87Sr/86Sr=0.70785, 143Nd/144Nd=0.51227, and 206Pb/204Pb=18.94, 207Pb/204Pb=15.69, 208Pb/204Pb=38.66. These values are useful in monitoring the fate of limestones during orogenesis and the role that they may have played in magma genesis. 

Elemental abundances and isotopic composition of Italian limestones: glimpses into the evolution of the Tethys

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Elemental abundances and isotopic composition of Italian limestones: glimpses into the evolution of the Tethys