Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved a drug product (Spritam®) and many medical devices manufactured by three-dimensional printing (3DP) processes for human use. There is immense potential to print personalized medicines using 3DP. Many 3DP methods have been reported in the literature for pharmaceutical applications. However, selective laser sintering (SLS) printing has remained least explored for pharmaceutical applications. There are many advantages and challenges in adopting a SLS method for fabrication of personalized medicines. Solvent-free nature, availability of FDA approved thermoplastic polymer/excipients (currently used in hot melt-extrusion process), minimal/no post-processing step, etc. are some of the advantages of the SLS printing process. Major challenges of the technology are requirement of at least one thermoplastic component in the formulation and thermal stability of drug and excipients. This review provides an overview of the SLS printing method, excipient requirements, process monitoring, quality defects, regulatory aspects, and potential pharmaceutical applications.

Selective laser sintering 3D printing - an overview of the technology and pharmaceutical applications.

http://www.cell.com/article/S2405844022003292/pdf

Additive manufacturing of titanium-based alloys- A review of methods, properties, challenges, and prospects

A systematic review of additive manufacturing-based remanufacturing techniques for component repair and restoration

Understanding the effects of formulation and process variables on the printlets quality manufactured by selective laser sintering 3D printing

Poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA) is the dominant acrylic that is widely used to produce partial and complete dentures. Denture fractures are caused by fatigue owing to repetitive masticatory, flexur...

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/23311916.2021.1875968

A review on enhancements of PMMA Denture Base Material with Different Nano-Fillers

Objective: The objective of this review is to evaluate maxillary and mandibular all-on-four implant designs, their indications and contraindications, advantages and disadvantages. Methods: By using Pubmed, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar, data from January 2003 to February 2018 were scanned electronically and manually as the title, abstract, and full text. The keywords specified were determined to be the all-on-four concept, full-arch implant prostheses, 4-implant full-arch, and tilted implants. The inclusion criteria consisted of the all-on-four implant design, its use in completely edentulous maxillary and mandibular cases, advantages and disadvantages of the technique, and changes observed in the maxilla and mandible in completely edentulous cases. Clinical trials and laboratory studies on the subject using the full text and English language were evaluated. Results: A total of 176 articles were found as a result of Google Scholar, Pubmed, and Cochrane Library. Thirty-seven articles were selected according to inclusion criteria; of these, 20 were related to the clinical trials. In addition, a total of 13 articles were found as a result of an additional hand search by screening the reference list of all included publications; of these, 11 was related to the clinical trials. Conclusions: It is necessary to carry out longer-term clinical and laboratory studies to determine long-term success criteria in all-on-four implant designs and to use new ceramic systems.

Maxillary and mandibular all-on-four implant designs: A review.

Statement of problem Cement microfracture, post-and-core dislodgement, and tooth fracture are related to the mechanical properties and deformation of restorations. Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine which combinations of post-and-core cements provide the most favorable stress distribution upon loading. Material and methods Three-dimensional models of teeth were created with the ANSYS program to simulate the different materials used for metal ceramic crowns (nickel-chromium, gold-palladium), posts and cores (Ti, Ni-Cr, Au-Pd), and cement (glass ionomer, composite resin, zinc phosphate, polycarboxylate, Panavia). Models were divided into 2 groups according to the alloys used in the crown restorations. A simulated masticatory force of 400 N was applied to the occlusal surface at a 45-degree inclination in the linguolabial direction to the long axis of the tooth, and von Mises equivalent stress values were calculated. Results The Ni-Cr metal ceramic crown/Au-Pd post-and-core/glass ionomer cement had the highest residual root von Mises equivalent stress value, whereas the Ni-Cr metal ceramic crown/Ni-Cr post-and-core/glass ionomer cement had the highest post stress value and the Ni-Cr metal ceramic crown/Au-Pd post-and-core/zinc phosphate cement had the highest cement stress value. For each post-and-core alloy, the stress values in the post and core were higher with Au-Pd metal ceramic crowns than with Ni-Cr metal ceramic crowns. The post-and-core material affected the amount of deformation. Conclusions The use of a post-and-core material with a lower elastic modulus and a cement with a higher elastic modulus led to a reduction in deformation in the residual root, cement, and post and core, and a reduction in stress in the post and core. The Ni-Cr metal ceramic crown/Au-Pd post-and-core/zinc phosphate cement or Panavia may therefore be favorable for post-and-core restorations.

The effects of post-core and crown material and luting agents on stress distribution in tooth restorations.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) incorporation on the flexural strength (FS) of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). PMMA specimens (65 mm × 10 mm × 3.3 mm for flexural test, 50 mm × 6 mm × 4 mm for impact test) containing different sizes (40, 50, 60 nm) and concentrations (0.05%, 0.2%) of AgNPs were prepared, along with a control group with no AgNP. Impact strength (IS) and FS of all specimens were measured, and one-way ANOVA and Tukey–Kramer post hoc multiple comparisons tests were used to identify any statistical differences between groups. The addition of AgNPs has no effect on IS of PMMA. The incorporation of AgNPs affected the FS of PMMA depending on the concentration of nanoparticles. The addition of large-sized nanoparticles to PMMA increases its FS. Accordingly, adding AgNP with proper concentrations to PMMA may enhance the mechanical properties of denture bases used in clinical practice. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 135, 45807.

Comparison of mechanical properties of heat-polymerized acrylic resin with silver nanoparticles added at different concentrations and sizes

Statement of problem The addition of previously cast alloy to new alloy for economic reasons may increase the release of elements Purpose The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of the immersion period, immersion media, and addition of previously cast alloy to new alloy on the release of elements Material and method Disk-shaped specimens were prepared from a Ni-Cr alloy (Ni: 61 wt%, Cr: 26 wt%, Mo: 11 wt%, Si: 15 wt%, Fe, Ce, Al, and Co  Results The release of Ni was significantly affected by the immersion period, of Ni and Cr by the alloy and media ( P P Conclusion The release of Ni in NaCl and artificial saliva increased with the length of the immersion period in both groups The release of Cr and Fe was higher in artificial saliva than in NaCl in group R, regardless of the immersion period The release of Co in NaCl was below the detection limit in both groups

Effects of environment on the release of Ni, Cr, Fe, and Co from new and recast Ni-Cr alloy

Purpose This study aimed to biomechanically evaluate the effects of cantilever length and implant inclination on the stress distribution of mandibular prosthetic restorations constructed from monolithic zirconia ceramic. Materials and methods Mandibular full-arch prostheses supported by four implants constructed from monolithic zirconia were designed using either a 5-mm or 9-mm cantilever length and a 15-degree or 30-degree distal tilt for the posterior implants. A simulated static load of 600 N was applied from the right side at a 45-degree angle. Von Mises and principal stress values in superstructures were analyzed using the Mesh VR Studio program. Results When the effects of cantilever length were examined, in the models with the 15-degree implant tilt, stress values for posterior implants, porcelain, and cortical bone were lower when the cantilever length was shorter (5 mm). In the models with the 30-degree implant tilt, stress values in all implants (except for the anterior implant on the right) and in the porcelain superstructure were lower when the cantilever length was shorter; however, stress values for cortical and spongious bone were lower with the longer (9 mm) cantilever. When the effects of implant inclination were examined, in the models with a 5-mm cantilever, stress values for posterior implants and cortical bone were lower when the implant tilt was more severe (30 degrees). In the models with a 9-mm cantilever length, stress values for the right anterior implant, posterior implants, and cortical bone were lower when the implant tilt was less severe (15 degrees). Conclusion Cantilever length and posterior implant inclination affected the distribution of force. Increasing the cantilever length led to a reduction in stress values in distally tilted posterior implants. Moreover, increasing the distal inclination led to a reduction in stress values in both the distally tilted posterior implants and cortical bone tissue in the model with a short cantilever. The monolithic zirconia full-arch porcelain superstructure was not affected by implant angulation, but was affected by cantilever length, with lower stress values observed with a longer cantilever.

/pdf/effects-of-cantilever-length-and-implant-inclination-on-the-r4yiaa7oyk.pdf

Effects of Cantilever Length and Implant Inclination on the Stress Distribution of Mandibular Prosthetic Restorations Constructed from Monolithic Zirconia Ceramic.

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