This is an erect, branching shrub of the VERBENACEAE family, 0.5 to 2 m high. Stems are 4-angled, armed with hooked prickles. Leaves opposite, blade ovate, 4 to 10 cm long, with coarse surfaces and toothed margins. Flowers are dense, longstalked, flat-topped, head-like, axillary spikes about 2.5-cm across. The corolla is sympetalous, with a curved tube and a spreading limb about 8 mm wide; yellow, orange, red or pink in color. Fruit is a shiny, dark purple or black, globose drupe, 5 to 6 mm wide.

Lantana camara L

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the chemical and biological aspects of Narcissus alkaloids. Numerous alkaloids have been isolated from Narcissus speciesasaresult of the continuing search for novel alkaloids with pharmacological activity in the Amaryllidaceae family. The alkaloids isolated from this genus, classified in relation to the different skeleton types. The different Narcissus wild species and intersectional hybrids, grouped into subgenera and sections, with their corresponding alkaloids, arranged according to their ring system are listed. The biosynthetic pathways of Narcissus alkaloids includes: (1) enzymatic preparation of the precursors, (2) primary cyclization mechanisms, (3) enzymatic preparation of intermediates, (4) secondary cyclization, diversification, and restructuring. The chapter discusses proton nuclear magnetic resonance ( 1 H NMR), carbon nuclear magnetic resonance ( 13 C NMR), and mass spectrometry (MS) for Narcissus alkaloids. A list of the different Narcissus alkaloids, their spectroscopic properties, and literature with the most recent spectroscopic data is given. Several Narcissus extracts shows the following activities: antiviral, prophage induction, antibacterial, antifungal, antimalarial, insecticidal, cytotoxic, antitumor, antimitotic, antiplatelet, hypotensive, emetic, acetylcholine esterase inhibitory, antifertility, antinociceptive, chronotropic, pheromone, plant growth inhibitor, and allelopathic.

Chapter 3 Chemical and Biological Aspects of Narcissus Alkaloids

The complex lives of tephritids are mediated by a variety of chemical cues. Those involved with feeding, host location, mating, and oviposition have been used in control. Feeding--recent work suggests that tropical adult fruit flies feed for the most part on leaf surface bacteria. New attractants based on bacteria and their by-products may soon be available. Host location--host odors, colors and shapes can attract flies and are presently used in integrated pest management. These stimuli are frequently added to traps baited with sexual pheromone and parapheromones. Mating--males, particularly in lekking species, release pheromones that attract both males and virgin females. These compounds are produced in a morphologically broad range of glands. Parapheromones are compounds, often originally derived from plants, that attract sexually mature males and more rarely, females. Their role in fruit fly bionomics is unknown, though they may coincidentally resemble pheromones or be pheromone precursors. The principal uses of sex attractants have been in male eradication and monitoring; however, in the future they may also be useful in quality control. Oviposition--females in a number of pestiferous species mark oviposition sites with a pheromone that discourages egg laying by subsequent females. Chemical identification of these substances has proved difficult, but field trials suggest that they may be used to protect fruit crops.

Symposium: Use of Pheromones in Tropical Crops: Pheromones and Parapheromones in the Control of Tephritids

Electroantennograms (EAGs) were recorded from laboratory-reared, male and female Ceratitis capitata (medfly) in response to individual volatiles identified from ripe nectarines. Uniformity in EAG response between the sexes was observed for most test compounds. Only 10 volatiles, of the 44 nectarine volatiles tested, elicited significantly different EAG responses between the sexes. No correlation was observed between the magnitude of antennal responsiveness and the concentration of a particular volatile in the headspace odor of ripe nectarines. The most abundant ('major') nectarine volatiles were among the least EAG stimulatory compounds tested. And certain 'minor' and 'trace' volatiles were the most potent compounds in eliciting EAGs. Moreover, the magnitude of antennal response to a nectarine volatile was related to the functional-group, chain-length, and unsaturation of the compound. The degree of potency of the compounds was as follows: six-carbon unsaturated aldehydes and alcohols >or= methyl and ethyl hexanoates and octanoates >or= hexenyl acetates and monoterpenes>shorter chain-length acetates and alcohols>lactones. Unsaturated aldehydes, alcohols, and acetates generally elicited larger EAGs than their saturated analogs, with the (E)-2-isomers being the most potent isomeric configurations. In addition, medfly antennae exhibited 'long recovery' periods (i.e., >10 sec.) for the EAG tracings to return to baseline potential after stimulations with certain classes of compounds, e.g., C6 to C8 acid esters, monoterpenes, and hexen-1-ols. The potential adaptiveness to medflies for selective sensitivity to these volatiles is discussed.

/pdf/electroantennogram-responses-of-the-mediterranean-fruit-fly-1qirhw9nc9.pdf

Electroantennogram responses of the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata, to the volatile constituents of nectarines

Electroantennograms (EAGs) were recorded from unmated, laboratory-reared, male and female oriental fruit flies, Dacus dorsalis, in response to a range of between C1 and C12 carbon chain-length saturated and unaturated aliphatic alcohols and aldehydes, most all of which are known host-plant volatiles. Only two of the 35 compounds tested elicited significantly larger EAGs from female than male antennae. For the two functional-group series tested, aldehydes elicited responses greater than or equal to the responses to the alcohols. In general, the unsaturated alcohols did not elicit responses significantly different from the saturated alcohols. However, the unsaturated aldehydes, (E)-2-hexenal and 10-undecenal, elicited larger amplitude EAGs than their saturated analogs. EAGs were significantly greater for a particular carbon chain-length, with responsiveness to primary alcohols peaking at C6 and aldehydes peaking at C7. The (E)-2- monoenic alcohols peaked at C6, while the (E)-3-alcohols plateaued between C5 and C8. The greatest EAG responses of all compounds tested were elicited by the saturated and unsaturated C6 alcohols and aldehydes which are constituents of the “general green-leaf volatile complex” that emanates from most plants. The potential adapative benefit of selective sensitivity to green-leaf volatiles is discussed in regards to foraging behaviors of oriental fruit flies.



RESUME

Electroantennogrammes des reponses de Dacus dorsalis a une gamme d'alcools et d'aldehydes de substances volatiles de vegetaux



Des electroantennogrammes (EAG) ont enregistre les reponses, en elevages de femelles et males vierges de Dacus dorsalis, a une gamme de chaines de carbones de C1 a C12 satures et non-satures d'alcools aliphatiques et d'aldehydes, dont beaucoup sont connus comme substances volatiles des vegetaux. Seulement 2 des 35 composes examines ont provoque des EAG significativement plus importants chez les femelles que chez les males. Pour les series des deux groupes fonctionnels examines, les aldehydes ont provoque des reponses superieures ou egales aux alcools. En general, les reponses aux alcools non-satures n'etaient pas significativement differentes des reponses aux alcools satures. Cependant, les aldehydes non-satures, (E)-2-hexenal et 10-undecenal, ont induit des EAG de plus grande ampleur que leurs analogues satures. Les EAG etaient significativement les plus importants pour une chaine de longueur particuliere, la reponse aux alcools primaires culminant en C6 et les aldehydes en C7. Les alcools monoeniques (E)-2- culminaient en C6, tandis que les alcools (E)-3- etaient etales entre C5 et C8. Les EAG les plus importants ont ete obtenus pour tous les composes examines avec les alcools et aldehydes en C6 qui appartiennent a “l'odeur verte complexe” emise par beaucoup de plantes. Le benefice adaptatif potentiel de la sensibilite selective a “l'odeur verte” des feuilles est examinee en fonction du comportement de prospection de D. dorsalis.

Electroantennogram responses of the oriental fruit fly, Dacus dorsalis, to a spectrum of alcohol and aldehyde plant volatiles

The Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), the melon fly, Dacus cucurbitae Coquillett, and the oriental fruit fly, D. dorsalis Hendel, three Hawaiian tephritids of economic importance, were exposed to traps each containing one of 232 ethyl ether extracts of air-dried botanicals. The principal concern was to establish which extracts were attractive judged on the basis of an index determined by the number of times more flies were attracted to the trap baited with water and extract than were attracted to traps baited with water only. Female Mediterranean fruit flies were attracted to 61 extracts and melon fly females to 31 extracts. Female oriental fruit flies were not much attracted. Many extracts were attractive to males of the three species. The extract of Coffea robusta Linden (Family Rubiaceae) was the only material attractive to both sexes of all three species.

Attraction of ethyl ether extracts of 232 botanicals to oriental fruit flies, melon flies, and Mediterranean fruit flies.

Handle everyday research tasks with reliable, citation-backed results

Your personal Research Agent to handle research tasks with citation-backed results

Popular Tasks used by Researchers

How can I help with your research?

Meet SciSpace

Get more enhanced response by uploading the PDFs you want me to reference.

No relevant PDFs in your library

SciSpace is the AI research assistant for academics. Run systematic literature reviews on 280M+ papers, and write papers with cited sources. Trusted by 1M+ students, PhDs & researchers.

SciSpace | AI for Research

Analyze PDFs

Code & Manuscripts

Funding & Grants

Literature & Patents

Medical & Clinical Data

Systematic Review

Visualize & Present

Web & Data

Build a Google Scholar-like website for your research.

Build a website

Create charts and images for your research

Create a Chart

Write a paper for submission to a journal

Draft a manuscript

Patent Search

Design eye-catching scientific posters in minutes.

Scientific Poster Generation

Systematic Literature Review

One task is running at the moment. Your messages will be shown right after.

Drag and drop or click here to browse

Loved by <highlight>1 million+</highlight> researchers

Extract a list of specific topics and their sources from unstructured text

Topics

Compare and analyze relevant papers that matches with your search

Papers

Get insights from PDFs and bookmarked papers from your library

My library

Recent searches

Try searching for:

Catch AI-generated content in scholarly and non-scholarly content

{ai} Detector

Ai Writer

Get PDF Summaries, highlighted text explanations 

Chat with PDF

Effortlessly create in-text citations and bibliographies in APA and 2,500 other formats

Citation generator

Get explanations, summaries, and answers on academic papers

Ease up your research workflow with {scispace}'s cohort of exciting AI tools

Elevate your academic writing skills and convey your ideas the way you want

Paraphraser

Explore our range of reading and writing tools

Your file is being prepared and should be ready in a few minutes. If it's a large file, it might take a bit longer. You can close this window, and we'll email you the file when it's done.

You have reached a maximum limit of <strong>{limit}</strong> columns in the table. Remove at least <strong>1</strong> column to add or create another one.

Perdue Re

Author Tools

Chat about Author

Papers

Attraction of ethyl ether extracts of 232 botanicals to oriental fruit flies, melon flies, and Mediterranean fruit flies.