Carbonaceous aerosol, a major component of particulate matter (PM), gases, and vapors in the atmosphere, has been associated with natural and anthropogenic air pollution, reduced visibility, climate modulation, material and ecosystem damage, and adverse health effects. More recently, epidemiological studies have indicated associations between organic fractions of ambient PM and adverse respiratory and cardiovascular health outcomes. The effects of the non-PM components of the organic aerosol have received less attention because their measurement in the general environment is not mandated. This article summarizes current knowledge of the nature, prevalence, and health effects of organic aerosols encountered in the outdoor environment, identifies key information gaps, and presents a conceptual framework for research priorities for resolving those gaps. The broad, diverse class of air contaminants comprising organic aerosols may be more important to public health than the modest attention given to them. This review focuses on hazard identification and exposure assessment for evaluating risks to public health from ambient organic aerosols. Current knowledge is insufficient to support a quantitative characterization of the aggregate risk from organic air contaminants. Assessments should be done for individual species or mixtures. Efforts should be taken to assemble and evaluate a common set of standard reference materials for both organic speciation and health response assays. A greater standardization of approaches across studies and laboratories would be useful to achieve uniformity in assessing health effects. Multidisciplinary research efforts are needed to improve the current regulatory-driven air quality monitoring networks for epidemiological studies. The limited array of biomarkers linking organic aerosols to health effects needs to be expanded and specific organic compounds or classes that are associated with biological effects in human cells or animal studies need to be tested for better understanding of the exposure-response relationship.

Health Effects of Organic Aerosols

Delivering therapeutic agents to the lungs requires a deep understanding of the kinetics and dynamics of drugs in this biologically and physiologically ­complex system. In this chapter these concepts are discussed and include drug ­dissolution rates in the airways, physical clearance mechanisms of the mucociliary escalator and cough, alveolar macrophage clearance, pulmonary metabolism, and pulmonary absorption. Finally, these aspects are considered together with drug and formulation aspects as determinants of duration of effects of inhaled products. The mechanisms of elimination of drug activity in the lungs by the various clearance processes described here are important factors to consider both in the development of new drugs and in understanding the relative merits of existing therapies.

Pulmonary Drug Metabolism, Clearance, and Absorption

https://tissueeng.net/lab/papers/4467main.pdf

In vitro, in vivo and ex vivo models for studying particle deposition and drug absorption of inhaled pharmaceuticals

Drug Absorption Studies

Pulmonary drug delivery with aerosolizable nanoparticles in an ex vivo lung model

Increasing exposure levels cause an abrupt change in the absorption and metabolism of acutely inhaled benzo(a)pyrene in the isolated, ventilated, and perfused lung of the rat.

There is an increasing interest in using the lung as a route of entry for both local and systemic administration of drugs. However, because adequate technologies have been missing in the preclinical setting, few investigators have addressed the detailed disposition of drugs in the lung following short inhalation exposures to highly concentrated dry powder aerosols. New methods are needed to explore the disposition of drugs after short inhalation exposures, thus mimicking a future clinical use. Our aim was to study the pulmonary disposition of budesonide, formoterol, and terbutaline, which are clinically used for the treatment of bronchial asthma. Using the recently developed DustGun aerosol technology, we exposed by inhalation for approximately 1 min the isolated and perfused rat lung (IPL) to respirable dry particle aerosols of the three drugs at high concentrations. The typical aerosol concentration was 1 μg/mL, and the particle size distribution of the tested substances varied with a MMAD ranging from ...

Short Inhalation Exposures of the Isolated and Perfused Rat Lung to Respirable Dry Particle Aerosols; the Detailed Pharmacokinetics of Budesonide, Formoterol, and Terbutaline

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Increasing exposure levels cause an abrupt change in the absorption and metabolism of acutely inhaled benzo(a)pyrene in the isolated, ventilated, and perfused lung of the rat.

Short Inhalation Exposures of the Isolated and Perfused Rat Lung to Respirable Dry Particle Aerosols; the Detailed Pharmacokinetics of Budesonide, Formoterol, and Terbutaline