Rapid progress on developing smart materials and design of hybrids is motivated by pressing challenges associated with energy crisis and environmental remediation. While emergence of versatile classes of nanomaterials has been fascinating, the real excitement lies in the design of hybrid materials with tunable properties. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are the key materials for gas sorption and electrochemical applications, but their sustainability is challenged by limited chemical stability, poor electrical conductivity, and intricate, inaccessible pores. Despite tremendous efforts towards improving the stability of MOF materials, little progress has made researchers inclined toward developing hybrid materials. MXenes, a family of two-dimensional transition-metal carbides, nitrides and carbonitrides, are known for their compositional versatility and formation of a range of structures with rich surface chemistry. Hybridization of MOFs with functional layered MXene materials may be beneficial if the host structure provides appropriate interactions for stabilizing and improving the desired properties. Recent efforts have focused on integrating Ti3C2Tx and V2CTx MXenes with MOFs to result in hybrid materials with augmented electrochemical and physicochemical properties, widening the scope for emerging applications. This review discusses the potential design strategies of MXene@MOF hybrids, attributes of tunable properties in the resulting hybrids, and their applications in water treatment, sensing, electrochemical energy storage, smart textiles, and electrocatalysis. Comprehensive discussions on the recent efforts on rapidly evolving MXene@MOF materials for various applications and potential future directions are highlighted.

Emerging MXene@Metal-Organic Framework Hybrids: Design Strategies toward Versatile Applications.

A critical review on electrospun membranes containing 2D materials for seawater desalination

MXene-based materials for removal of antibiotics and heavy metals from wastewater– a review

Selective separation membranes for fractionating organics and salts for industrial wastewater treatment: Design strategies and process assessment

Water scarcity is one of the most critical issues of this century. Currently, water desalination is performed using polymeric membranes. However, the polymers suffer from low water permeability and degradation, both of which increase energy consumption and the cost of water desalination. There have been several breakthroughs by deploying two-dimensional (2D) materials with the merits of excellent water permeability and chemical resistance, rendering them highly promising as alternative materials of choice for water desalination. However, controlling and maintaining the pores and channels of 2D-based membranes down to the subnanometer level is a challenging process. Herein, we summarized the research progress on 2D materials for membrane-based water desalination. Several nanoporous and stacked membranes of 2D materials are discussed. Design strategies to maintain the stability of the membranes are particularly elucidated, including pore size optimization and interlayer spacing engineering down to subnanometer scales. The current challenges and future research directions are also presented.

Progress and prospects of two-dimensional materials for membrane-based water desalination

Separation technology is of great importance to the chemical industries which involve many steps of purification. Compared to the traditional thermal-based purification processes such as evaporation and distillation, membrane technology has attracted increasing attention due to its low energy consumption and continuous operation. Two-dimensional (2D) material membranes formed by stacking various kinds of 2D nanosheets, including graphene, graphene oxide (GO), MXenes, layered transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), layered zeolites, 2D metal organic frameworks (MOFs), 2D covalent organic frameworks (COFs), etc., represent a burgeoning class of separation membranes. Owing to their easy fabrication, controllable pore size, that is the stacking space between neighbouring layers, and diverse functionalization, these 2D material membranes show great potential for precise and high-efficiency separation through the synergy of the pore size and surface properties of nanopores or nanochannels. To date, 2D material membranes have been widely used in a broad range of critical separations, including ion separation, mixed organic solvent separation, gas separation, nanofiltration, and chiral molecular separation. In this review, we first summarize the separation mechanism adopted in 2D material membranes, followed by the introduction of the most widely used 2D materials and the synthetic strategies for their single or few layer structures. Finally, we summarize the applications of 2D material membranes in various critical separations, including ion sieving, nanofiltration, gas separation and chiral separation.

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Two-dimensional material membranes for critical separations

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are promising materials for membrane separation thanks to their adjustable topological structures and surface properties of nanopores. Herein, a melamine (Me) doped COF membrane was fabricated by chemically doping the melamine monomer into TpPa COF, which is formed by the condensation reaction between the 1,3,5-triformylphloroglucinol (Tp) and p-phenylenediamine (Pa) monomers via interfacial polymerization . The introduction of melamine monomer allows altering both the pore structure and pore surface of the TpPa COF membrane, leading to enhanced hydrogen purification performance. Specifically, the separation factor of H 2 /CO 2 gas mixture by using the melamine doped TpPa COF (TpPaMe COF) membrane reaches 12.7, with hydrogen permeance of 727 GPU, in sharp contrast to the relatively low separation factor and gas permeance of 7.5 and 618 GPU of the undoped TpPa membrane. Besides, the TpPaMe COF membrane shows good running stability, with H 2 /CO 2 separation performance well surpasses the Robeson 2008 upper bound.

Melamine-Doped Covalent Organic Framework Membranes for Enhanced Hydrogen Purification.

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Two-dimensional material membranes for critical separations

Melamine-Doped Covalent Organic Framework Membranes for Enhanced Hydrogen Purification.