The brain displays dynamical system behaviors at various levels that are functionally and cognitively relevant. Ample researches have examined how the dynamical properties of brain activity reflect the neural cognitive working mechanisms. A prevalent approach in this field is to extract the trial-averaged brain electrophysiological signals as a representation of the dynamical response of the complex neural system to external stimuli. However, the responses are intrinsically variable in latency from trial to trial. The variability compromises the accuracy of the detected dynamical response pattern based on trial-averaged approach, which may mislead subsequent modelling works. More accurate characterization of the brain’s dynamical response incorporating single trial variability information is of profound significance in deepening our understanding of neural cognitive dynamics and brain’s working principles. Various methods have been attempted to address the trial-to-trial asynchrony issue in order to achieve an improved representation of the dynamical response. We review the latest development of methodology in this area and the contribution of latency variability-based decomposition and reconstruction of dynamical response to neural cognitive researches.

Characterizing the brain's dynamical response from scalp-level neural electrical signals: a review of methodology development.

Affective modulation of cognitive control: A systematic review of EEG studies

In real life, it is not unusual that we face potential threats (i.e., physical stimuli and environments that may cause harm or danger) with other individuals together, yet it remains largely unknown how threat‐induced anxious feelings influence prosocial behaviors such as resource sharing. In this study, we investigated this question by combining functional magnetic resonance imaging and a novel paradigm. Together with an anonymous partner, each participant faced the possibility of receiving a 10‐s noise administration, which had a low or high probability to be a threat (i.e., the intensity of noise can induce a high level of unpleasantness). Each participant first reported her/his immediate feeling of anxiety about the current situation (being threatened by the unpleasant noise), then decided how to split a number of resources (which could relieve the noise) between her/him and the partner. Behavioral results revealed that the participants showed a selfish bias in the threat conditions than in the safe conditions, and that self‐reported anxiety feeling significantly predicted this bias. Functional magnetic resonance imaging results revealed that: (1) the activation level of the anterior insula was correlated with self‐reported anxiety and (2) the connectivity between the anterior insula and the temporoparietal junction was sensitive to the modulating effect of anxiety on the selfish bias. These findings indicate the neural correlates of the association between threat‐induced anxiety and prosocial tendencies in social interactions.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/hbm.26318

Threat‐induced anxiety and selfishness in resource sharing: Behavioral and neural evidence

Detection of safety-threat signals during uncertainty is an important mechanism of developmental anxiety disorder (AD). Although extensive research has focused on the detection of uncertain threat signals in anxious individuals, relatively little attention has been given to the identification of safety signals during uncertainty, which is an important way to relieve anxiety in individuals with AD. To investigate this phenomenon, 16 subjects with high trait anxiety (HTA) and 16 with low trait anxiety (LTA) completed a modified cue-target task in certain and uncertain stimulus blocks. In the uncertain block, the cue was followed by a threat picture or safety picture in 20% of trials, respectively; in the certain block, the cue could be followed by a threat picture or a safety picture on 100% of trials. Behavioral responses and event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded. The ERP results demonstrated that LTA participants exhibited larger P2 amplitudes in the detection of safety cues than of threat cues during the uncertain block, whereas HTA participants showed significant P2 amplitudes between the safety and threat cues during the certain block, impairing the detection of safety stimuli during uncertainty. However, all participants exhibited greater N2 amplitudes following threat cues in certainty or uncertainty conditions. These findings pertaining to the P2 amplitude suggested distinctive attentional biases between HTA and LTA individuals, whereas the N2 amplitude showed association learning in uncertain conditions, compensating for safety-threat detection in HTA individuals.

/pdf/early-safety-discrimination-under-uncertainty-in-trait-dx48to6h.pdf

Early Safety Discrimination Under Uncertainty in Trait Anxiety: An Event-Related Potential Study

Self-concept clarity (SCC) refers to the extent to which self-beliefs are clearly and confidently defined, internally consistent, and stable. While there is an abundance of research showing an association between SCC, well-being, and effective self-regulation, there is little knowledge about how SCC relates to basic cognitive processes such as attention and memory. Drawing on the attentional function theory of cognitive control, we hypothesized that low SCC is associated with greater attentional control during a trait assessment task. We also expected that low SCC individuals retrieve self-related information from semantic memory less efficiently compared to high SCC individuals. Fifty participants took part in the ERP study. The P300 and N400 components were measured as electrophysiological indices of attentional and semantic processing. The results showed that individuals with low SCC had larger P300 amplitude in response to positive versus negative words, and marginally larger P300 amplitude in response to positive words compared to high SCC individuals. These results suggest greater attentional involvement in the processing of positive self-related information in people with low SCC. There were no significant differences between groups in N400 amplitude. The results are discussed in the context of the relationship of SCC to self-esteem and self-motive theory. 

Self-concept clarity and processing self-relevant information: An event-related potential study

Fearful faces modulate cognitive control under varying levels of uncertainty: An event-related potential study.

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Fearful faces modulate cognitive control under varying levels of uncertainty: An event-related potential study.