Around 20% of the electrical power generated on the planet is consumed inefficiently in lighting application. With the running out of the fossil fuels; lighting utilization will seriously contribute to the worldwide energy problem in the approaching future. Hence measures are to be taken right from this instant in order to conquer the power shortage problem by efficiently utilizing the available power. White organic light-emitting diodes (WOLEDs) and displays represent the next generation energy-saving light source to alleviate the energy crisis. Within the last decade OLEDs have become an internationally highly recognized unique area light source, which has immense potential for the recent display applications and paves a novel path to create white light. This paper reflects the recent advances in the OLED materials and the critical tactics employed in designing the anatomy of OLED devices for energy-saving solid-state lighting (SSL) towards lighting revolution. Novel transparency electrodes for flexible OLEDs, the stability of OLEDs, topical progress regarding various materials used for different layers to fabricate eco friendly and energy efficient OLEDs by innovative fabrication techniques and the necessity of encapsulation are also discussed. In addition, the ongoing challenges and future perspectives of this research frontier with certain measures that can be employed to reduce the driving voltage, minimize the degradation issues and augmentation of their life time are illustrated. Once we accomplish the said challenges, OLEDs can be considered as next generation flat panel displays and solid state lighting sources, which would proffer a world of expanding opportunities in the field of lighting.

Novel materials for fabrication and encapsulation of OLEDs

The continuous development of nanotechnology has resulted in the actual possibility of the design and synthesis of nanostructured materials with pre-tailored functionabilities. Nanostructures capable of simultaneous heating and local thermal sensing are in strong demand as they would constitute a revolutionary solution to several challenging problems in bio-medicine, including the achievement of real time control during photothermal therapies. Several approaches have been demonstrated to achieve simultaneous heating and thermal sensing at the nanoscale. Some of them lack of sufficient thermal sensitivity and others require complicated synthesis procedures for heterostructure fabrication. In this study, we demonstrate how single core/shell dielectric nanoparticles with a highly Nd3+ ion doped shell and an Yb3+,Er3+ codoped core are capable of simultaneous thermal sensing and heating under an 808 nm single beam excitation. The spatial separation between the heating shell and sensing core provides remarkable values of the heating efficiency and thermal sensitivity, enabling their application in single beam-controlled heating experiments in both aqueous and tissue environments.

Self-monitored photothermal nanoparticles based on core–shell engineering

Origin of near to middle infrared luminescence and energy transfer process of Er 3+ /Yb 3+ co-doped fluorotellurite glasses under different excitations

/pdf/origin-of-near-to-middle-infrared-luminescence-and-energy-3y5ooz6ulk.pdf

Er3+- doped fluorozirconate (ZrF4-BaF2-YF3-AlF3) and oxyfluoroaluminate glasses are successfully prepared here. These glasses exhibit significant superiority compared with traditional fluorozirconate glass (ZrF4-BaF2-LaF3-AlF3-NaF) because of their higher temperature of glass transition and better resistance to water corrosion. Judd-Ofelt (J-O) intensity parameters are evaluated and used to compute the radiative properties based on the VIS-NIR absorption spectra. Broad emission bands located at 1535 and 2708 nm are observed and large calculated emission sections are obtained. The intensity of 2708 nm emission closely relates to the phonon energy of host glass. A lower phonon energy leads to a more intensive 2708 nm emission. The energy transfer processes of Er3+ ions are discussed and lifetime of Er3+: 4I13/2 is measured. It is the first time to observe that a longer lifetime of the 4I13/2 level leads to a less intensive 1535 nm emission, because the lifetime is long enough to generate excited state absorption (ESA) and energy transfer (ET) processes. These results indicate that the novel glasses possess better chemical and thermal properties as well as excellent optical properties compared with ZBLAN glass. These Er3+- doped ZBYA and oxyfluoroaluminate glasses have potential applications as laser materials.

/pdf/spectroscopic-properties-and-energy-transfer-parameters-of-3190hrwkvx.pdf

Spectroscopic properties and energy transfer parameters of Er3+-doped fluorozirconate and oxyfluoroaluminate glasses.

Organic-inorganic lead halide based perovskite solar cells have received broad interest due to their merits of low fabrication cost, a low temperature solution process, and high energy conversion efficiencies. Rare-earth (RE) ion doped nanomaterials can be used in perovskite solar cells to expand the range of absorption spectra and improve the stability due to its upconversion and downconversion effect. This article reviews recent progress in using RE-ion-doped nanomaterials in mesoporous electrodes, perovskite active layers, and as an external function layer of perovskite solar cells. Finally, we discuss the challenges facing the effective use of RE-ion-doped nanomaterials in perovskite solar cells and present some prospects for future research.

Recent Advances of Rare-Earth Ion Doped Luminescent Nanomaterials in Perovskite Solar Cells.

An Er 3+ /Nd 3+ co-doped LiYF 4 single crystal of ∼ Φ 12 mm × 95 mm size with high quality was grown by a Bridgman method. The luminescent properties of the crystals with different Er 3+ and Nd 3+ concentrations were studied. Compared with the Er 3+ single-doped LiYF 4 crystal extremely enhanced emission at 2.7 μm from the Er 3+ /Nd 3+ co-doped LiYF 4 was observed upon excitation of an 800 nm laser diode. Meanwhile, the green up-conversion emission and near infrared emission at 1.5 μm from Er 3+ in the co-doped crystals were effectively restricted. The luminescent mechanisms for the Er 3+ /Nd 3+ co-doped crystals were analyzed and the possible energy transfer processes were proposed. The energy transfer efficiencies for (Er 3+ : 4 I 13/2 , Nd 3+ : 4 I 9/2 ) → (Er 3+ : 4 I 15/2 , Nd 3+ : 4 I 15/2 ) and (Nd 3+ : 4 F 3/2 , Er 3+ : 4 I 15/2 ) → (Nd 3+ : 4 I 9/2 , Er 3+ : 4 I 9/2 ) were calculated. It was found that Er 3+ /Nd 3+ co-doped single crystal may be a potential host for 2.7 μm lasers.

Enhanced emission of 2.7 μm from Er3+/Nd3+-codoped LiYF4 single crystals

Mid-infrared (MIR) emissions of 2.4 and 3.5 m from Tm3+:LiYF4 single crystals attributed to 3H4->3H5 and 3H5->3F4 transitions as well as MIR emissions of 4.2, 4.3, and 4.5 \mu m from Nd3+: LiYF4 lasers attributed to 4I15/2->4I13/2,4I13/2->4I11/2, and 4I11/2->4I9/2 transitions, respectively, are observed. LiYF4 single crystals possess high transmittance of over 85% in the 2.5-6 \mu m range. The large emission crosssections of Tm-doped crystals at 2.4 \mu m (1.9\times 10-20 cm2) and Nd-doped crystals at 4.2 \mu m (0.84\times 10-20cm2) as well as the high rare-earth doping concentrations, excellent optical transmission, and chemicalphysical properties of the resultant samples indicate that Nd3+ and Tm3+ singly doped crystals may be promising materials for application in MIR lasers.

Tm3+ and Nd3+ singly doped LiYF4 single crystals with 3-5 \mu m mid-infrared luminescence

Intense 2.7 μm emission from Er3+/Tm3+/Pr3+ triply doped LiYF4 single crystal grown by Bridgman method

The invention discloses a Tm /Dy doped LiYF4 monocrystal for white light LED (Light Emitting Diode) and a preparation method thereof. The LiYF4 crystal contains two rare earth ions, namely, Tm and Dy , the molecular formula of a product is LiY(1-alpha-beta)Tm alpha Dy beta F4, wherein alpha is not smaller than 0.0020 but not larger than 0.0300, and beta is not smaller than 0.0076 and not larger than 0.01140. Blue green light and yellow light emitted by Dy are mixed with blue light emitted by Tm to emit white light. When the atom concentration proportion of Tm /Dy in the crystal reaches to 3.7-3.9, the chromaticity coordinates of white light are optimal under the excitation of 350nm light, and the chromaticity coordinates x and y are basically close to the ideal 0.33. The doping concentration of rare earth in the lithium yttrium fluoride monocrystal is large, and the lithium yttrium fluoride monocrystal has excellent thermal, mechanical and chemical stability. The light emitting efficiency of the Eu and Dy rare earth ions doped in the monocrystal is high; and oxygen-free and water-free sealed Bridgman-Stockbarger method is adopted in the preparation method, and a high temperature fluorination treatment is performed on the raw material to obtain a fluoride crystal with high quality.

Tm /Dy doped LiYF4 monocrystal for white light LED (Light Emitting Diode) and preparation method thereof

Concentration effect of Nd3+ ion on the spectroscopic properties of Er3+/Nd3+ co-doped LiYF4 single crystal

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