South China is endowed with copious wolframite–quartz vein-type W deposits that provide a significant contribution to the world‘s tungsten production. Mineralization is spatially associated with highly evolved granites, which have been interpreted as products of ancient crustal anatexis. Ore veins are mainly hosted in low-grade metamorphosed quartz sandstone, slate and granitic rocks. The ore minerals mainly comprise wolframite, cassiterite, scheelite and pyrite, with minor molybdenite, arsenopyrite and chalcopyrite. Typical steeply dipping veins can be divided into five zones from top to the bottom, namely: (I) thread, (II) veinlet, (III) moderate vein, (IV) thick vein, and (V) thin out zones. In general, three types of fluid inclusions at room temperature are commonly recognized in wolframite and/or quartz from these veins: two-phase liquid-rich (type L), two-phase CO2-bearing (type CB), and CO2-rich (type C). Comparative microthermometry performed on fluid inclusions hosted in wolframite and associated quartz indicates that most wolframite was not coprecipitated with the coexisting quartz. Detailed petrographic observation and cathodoluminescence (CL) imaging on coexisting wolframite and quartz of the Yaogangxian deposit, show repeated precipitation of quartz, wolframite, and muscovite, suggesting a more complex fluid process forming these veins. Previous studies of H-O isotopes and fluid inclusions suggested that the main ore-forming fluids forming the wolframite–quartz vein-type deposits had a magmatic source, whereas an unresolved debate is centered on whether mantle material supplemented the ore-forming fluids. The variable CO2 contents in the ore-forming fluids also implies that CO2 might have had a positive effect on ore formation. Fluid inclusion studies indicate that wolframite was most likely deposited during cooling from an initial H2O + NaCl ± CO2 magmatic fluid. In addition, fluid-phase separation and/or mixing with sedimentary fluid might also have played an important role in promoting wolframite deposition. We speculate that these processes determine the precipitation of W to varying degrees whereas the leading mechanistic cause remains an open question. Comprehensive studies on spatial variation of fluid inclusions show that both the steeply and gently dipping veins are consistent with the ―five floors‖ model that may have broader applications to exploration of wolframite–quartz vein-type deposits. Recent quantitative analysis of wolframiteand quartz-hosted fluid inclusions by laser ablation inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry shows enhanced advantages in revealing fluid evolution, tracing the fluid source and dissecting the ore precipitation process. Further studies on wolframite–quartz vein-type W deposits to bring a deeper understanding on ore-forming fluids and the metallogenic mechanism involved.

Ore-forming Fluid and Metallogenic Mechanism of Wolframite–Quartz Vein-type Tungsten Deposits in South China

Tungsten mineralization formed by single-pulsed magmatic fluid: Evidence from wolframite-hosted fluid inclusion from the giant Dajishan “Five Floor” style W-polymetallic deposit

The petrogenesis of A-type granites with different occurrences in the Nanling Range remains unclear. In this study, a case study of the Jiuyishan complex massif and Xianghualing intrusive stocks was conducted to determine this problem. The Jiuyishan complex massif is composed of four units (Jinjiling, Pangxiemu, Shaziling and Xishan). These four units have similar zircon U-Pb ages of approximately 153 Ma, with high Zr + Nb + Ce + Y contents (>350 ppm), high 10,000 Ga/Al ratios (>2.6), and a high crystallization temperature, indicating A-type affinities. They show a gradual change in lithology and geochemistry, implying a fractional crystallization process. These units also have similar εNd(t) values (−8.2 to −5.8) and zircon εHf(t) values (−7.5 to −2.2) except for the Shaziling MMEs (mafic microgranular enclaves) (−14.2 to 4.8), demonstrating their lower crustal source. However, the Shaziling unit may have contributed mantle-derived magma based on the geochemical data of its hosted MMEs. In comparison, the two Xianghualing intrusive stocks have similar geochemical features but exhibit highly evolved features (high Rb, U, Y, Ta and Nb contents and low Eu, Ba, Sr, P, Ti, Ca, Mg and Fe contents, with V-shaped REE distribution patterns). They have different zircon U-Pb ages of approximately 160 Ma and 155 Ma. The two stocks also have similar whole-rock εNd(t) values (−6.5 to −5.7) and zircon εHf(t) values (−7.6 to −2.7) and equally illustrate a lower crustal source region. Combining with their vertical zonation, they may have experienced remarkable fractional crystallization with possible assimilation processes. We propose that the Jiuyishan complex and Xianghualing stocks have two distinct fractional crystallization mechanisms during their formation. The Jiuyishan complex was formed by in situ crystal mush fractionation, while the Xianghualing stocks were formed by flowage differentiation during magma ascent or gravitational settling during magma solidification after emplacement. However, more than one mechanism affected the fractional crystallization processes of these granitic rocks.

https://www.mdpi.com/2075-163X/13/5/605/pdf?version=1682590130

Two Distinct Fractional Crystallization Mechanisms of A-Type Granites in the Nanling Range, South China: A Case Study of the Jiuyishan Complex Massif and Xianghualing Intrusive Stocks

Determination of Predictive Variables in Mineral Prospectivity Mapping Using Supervised and Unsupervised Methods

Geochronological framework and ore genesis of the Tiantangshan Rb-Sn-W deposit, northeastern Guangdong, south China: Constraints from cassiterite and monazite U-Pb dating

Two-stage rollbacks of the paleo-Pacific plate beneath the Cathaysia block during Cretaceous: Insights from A-type granites and volcanic rocks

Infrared (IR) studies of fluid inclusions in opaque minerals provide direct insights into the ore-forming fluids. However, the challenge posed by the “warming effect” of IR light during microthermometry remains unresolved. Here we address this problem and show that the deviation in temperature of phase changes within fluid inclusions caused by IR light is more common than what was thought before. Our results reveal that transparent to translucent minerals (e.g., quartz, sphalerite) also absorb IR energy. Since IR absorption is influenced by the host mineral, the fluid inclusions hosted by different minerals exhibit different degrees of deviation in temperature during microthermometry. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra do not display a consistent correlation between the band gap energy of a mineral and its absorption of IR energy. Minerals with low band gap energy, such as pyrite, absorb limited IR energy, resulting in small deviations of fluid inclusion data. In contrast, this deviation could be significant for fluid inclusions hosted in minerals with a relatively high band gap energy, such as iron-rich sphalerite and wolframite. Substitution of iron increases the absorption of IR energy in these minerals. The substitution of trace elements may also play a role. Our quantitative analyses confirm that using the lowest possible IR light intensity with the smallest diaphragm minimizes the “warming effect” of IR light. We also propose an improved cycling method as a better option where high IR light intensity is required.

Infrared microthermometry of fluid inclusions in transparent to opaque minerals: challenges and new insights

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Two-stage rollbacks of the paleo-Pacific plate beneath the Cathaysia block during Cretaceous: Insights from A-type granites and volcanic rocks

Infrared microthermometry of fluid inclusions in transparent to opaque minerals: challenges and new insights