Hydrogels are essential biomaterials due to their favorable biocompatibility, mechanical properties similar to human soft tissue extracellular matrix, and tissue repair properties. In skin wound repair, hydrogels with antibacterial functions are especially suitable for dressing applications, so novel antibacterial hydrogel wound dressings have attracted widespread attention, including the design of components, optimization of preparation methods, strategies to reduce bacterial resistance, etc. In this review, we discuss the fabrication of antibacterial hydrogel wound dressings and the challenges associated with the crosslinking methods and chemistry of the materials. We have investigated the advantages and limitations (antibacterial effects and antibacterial mechanisms) of different antibacterial components in the hydrogels to achieve good antibacterial properties, and the response of hydrogels to stimuli such as light, sound, and electricity to reduce bacterial resistance. Conclusively, we provide a systematic summary of antibacterial hydrogel wound dressings findings (crosslinking methods, antibacterial components, antibacterial methods) and an outlook on long-lasting antibacterial effects, a broader antibacterial spectrum, diversified hydrogel forms, and the future development prospects of the field. 

Recent progress of antibacterial hydrogels in wound dressings

The electronic structure of transition metal complexes can be modulated by replace partial ion of complexes to obtain tuned intrinsic ORR (Oxygen Reduction Reaction) or OER (Oxygen Evolution Reaction) electrocatalytic activity. However, the anion-modulated transition metal complexes ORR activity of is still unsatisfactory, and the construction of hetero-anionic structure remains challenging. Herein, we present an atomic doping strategy to prepare the CuCo2 O4-x Sx /NC-2 (CCSO/NC-2) as electrocatalysts, combined XRD, HAADF-STEM images and XAFS results favorably demonstrate the partial substitution of S atoms for O in CCSO/NC-2, which shows excellent catalytic performance and durability for OER and ORR in 0.1 M KOH. For ORR, CCSO/NC-2 exhibits a half-wave potential of 0.75 V and lower Tafel slope (69.3 mV dec-1 ), while for OER, CCSO/NC-2 exhibits a low overpotential (340 mV) at 10 mA cm-2 , a small Tafel slope (121.3 mV dec-1 ). In addition, the catalyst assembled zinc-air battery with an open circuit potential of 1.43 V maintains performance after 300 h of cyclic stability. DFT calculations and differential charges illustrate that S doping optimizes the reaction kinetics and promotes electron redistribution. The superior performance of CCSO/NC-2 catalysis is mainly due to its unique S modulation of the electronic structure of the main body. The introduction of S promotes Co-O covalency and constructs a fast electron transport channel, thus optimizing the adsorption degree of active site Co to the reaction intermediates. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Hetero-Anionic Structure Activated Co-S Bonds Promote Oxygen Electrocatalytic Activity for High-Efficiency Zinc-Air Batteries.

Due to the good reliability and long-term stability, self-healing hydrogels have emerged as promising soft materials for tissue engineering, smart wearable sensors, bioelectronics, and energy storage devices. The self-healing mechanism depends on reversible chemical or physical cross-linking interactions. Self-healing hydrogels with fascinating features (including mechanical performances, biocompatibility, conductivity, antibacterial ability, responsiveness, etc.) are being designed and developed according to the practical application requirements. In this review, the recent progress on self-healing hydrogels in their synthesis strategies and multiple applications is summarized. Their synthesis strategies involve reversible chemical or physical cross-linking processes or a combination of the two. Their recent applications include flexible strain sensors, supercapacitors, actuators, adhesives, wound healing, drug delivery, tumor treatment, 3D printing, etc. Finally, the current challenges, future development, and opportunities for self-healing hydrogels are discussed. 

Self-Healing Hydrogels: From Synthesis to Multiple Applications

Efficient and stable oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalysts are essential for constructing reliable energy conversion and storage devices. Herein, we prepared noble metal-free FeCoNiMnV high-entropy alloy supported on nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes (FeCoNiMnV HEA/N-CNTs) by a one-step pyrolysis at 800 °C, as certificated by a set of characterizations. The graphitization degree of the N-CHTs was optimized by tuning the pyrolysis temperature in the control groups. The resultant catalyst greatly enhanced the ORR characteristics in the alkaline media, showing the positive onset potential (Eonset) of 0.99 V and half-wave potential (E1/2) of 0.85 V. More importantly, the above FeCoNiMnV HEA/N-CNTs assembled Zn-air battery exhibited a greater open-circuit voltage (1.482 V), larger power density (185.12 mW cm−2), and outstanding cycle stability (1698 cycles, 566 h). This study provides some valuable insights on developing sustainable ORR catalysts in Zn-air batteries. 

Noble metal-free FeCoNiMnV high entropy alloy anchored on N-doped carbon nanotubes with prominent activity and durability for oxygen reduction and zinc-air batteries.

Wearable electronics have experienced a blooming development and advancement over the past few years. Wearable devices with optical modulation in the visible and infrared range attract great interest due to...

Wearable electrochromic materials and devices: from visible to infrared modulation

Manipulating electronic structure and defects is crucial to achieve on‐demand functionalities of bimetallic sulfide catalysts for oxygen reduction/evolution reactions (ORR/OER). Here, via a vulcanization strategy, defects‐abundant NiCo2S4 needles obtained from sea urchin‐like NiCo2O4 are anchored on surface of hollow carbon‐sphere (NiCo2S4/HCS). NiCo2S4 nanoneedles (≈7.5 nm) are radially grown on shell of HCS with a cavity (254.5 m2 g−1), and their surface becomes rougher after vulcanization due to anion exchange reaction. As‐marked NiCo2S4/HCS‐3 exhibits better ORR activity (half‐wave potential of 0.89 V) and methanol tolerance than Pt/C (0.86 V). NiCo2S4/HCS‐3 shows a lower OER overpotential (310 mV) than RuO2 and retains 90.9% of initial activity after 9 h. Notably, zinc–air battery with NiCo2S4/HCS‐3 reveals highly‐stable charging/discharging voltages of 2.11/1.16 V with a negligible fading for 200 h. NiCo2S4 grown on outer/inner surfaces of HCS expands spatial distribution of active sites to enhance reactants‐electrode contact and charge transfer. Theoretical calculation shows that Co‐site with an electronic state near Fermi energy level is chiefly‐responsible for ORR, while Ni‐site mainly affords high OER activity. Bader charge analyses reveal that S doping increases the charge density and redox active sites in NiCo2S4. It sheds light on the understanding of electrocatalytic mechanisms on bimetallic sulfides for electronic device.

Dual Active Sites Engineering on Sea Urchin‐Like CoNiS Hollow Nanosphere for Stabilizing Oxygen Electrocatalysis via a Template‐Free Vulcanization Strategy

Abstract Developing efficient noble-metal-free surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates and unveiling the underlying mechanism is crucial for ultrasensitive molecular sensing. Herein, we report a facile synthesis of mixed-dimensional heterostructures via oxygen plasma treatments of two-dimensional (2D) materials. As a proof-of-concept, 1D/2D WO 3- x /WSe 2 heterostructures with good controllability and reproducibility are synthesized, in which 1D WO 3-x nanowire patterns are laterally arranged along the three-fold symmetric directions of 2D WSe 2 . The WO 3-x /WSe 2 heterostructures exhibited high molecular sensitivity, with a limit of detection of 5 × 10 −18 M and an enhancement factor of 5.0 × 10 11 for methylene blue molecules, even in mixed solutions. We associate the ultrasensitive performance to the efficient charge transfer induced by the unique structures of 1D WO 3-x nanowires and the effective interlayer coupling of the heterostructures. We observed a charge transfer timescale of around 1.0 picosecond via ultrafast transient spectroscopy. Our work provides an alternative strategy for the synthesis of 1D nanostructures from 2D materials and offers insights on the role of ultrafast charge transfer mechanisms in plasmon-free SERS-based molecular sensing. 

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-38198-x.pdf

Ultrafast charge transfer in mixed-dimensional WO3-x nanowire/WSe2 heterostructures for attomolar-level molecular sensing

Flexible electronics have aroused great interest over the past few years due to their unique advantages of being wearable and lightweight. Introducing the self-healing function into wearable electronics will contribute to the practical applications of wearable electronics by prolonging the devices' lifetime. In this study, a flexible essential oil (EO)-loaded mesoporous silica (EO@AMS)/polyacrylate hybrid hydrogel with superb self-healing and antibacterial properties was prepared. The prepared hybrid hydrogel was found to have excellent piezoresistive sensing performance, which could be particularly suitable for human vital activity monitoring. Benefiting from the strong ionic bonding and multiple hydrogen bonds between polyacrylate and EO@AMS, the hybrid hydrogel could repair its damaged areas with restored sensing and mechanical properties, which suggested excellent self-healing ability. In addition, this hybrid hydrogel, when applied in wearable devices, was found to have high antibacterial ability owing to the slow release of the lemon EO from AMS to kill bacteria. This promising self-healing and antibacterial hybrid hydrogel shows a promising application in wearable electronics for posture monitoring, human-computer interaction, and artificial intelligence.

Self-Healing and Antibacterial Essential Oil-Loaded Mesoporous Silica/Polyacrylate Hybrid Hydrogel for High-Performance Wearable Body-Strain Sensing.

Hydrogel has been extensively investigated for its unique mechanical and ionic conductive properties. However, the applications of conventional hydrogels have been limited for their poor durability and low external perception....

Bio-inspired Color-Changing and Self-Healing Hybrid Hydrogel for Wearable Sensors and Adaptive Camouflage

With the fast development of new science and technology, wearable devices are in great demand in modern human daily life. However, the energy problem is a long-lasting issue to achieve real smart, wearable, and portable devices. Flexible thermoelectric generators (TEGs) based on thermoelectric conversion systems can convert body waste heat into electricity with excellent flexibility and wearability, which shows a new direction to solving this issue. Here in this work, polyethylenimine (PEI) and gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) twin surface-modified carbon nanotube fibers (CNTFs) were designed and prepared to fabricate thermalelectric textiles (TET) with high performance, good air stability, and high-efficiency power generation. To better utilize the heat emitted by the human body, microencapsulated phase change materials (MPCM) were coated on the hot end of the TET to achieve the phase-transition-promoted TET. MPCM-coated TET device could generate 25.7% more energy than the untreated control device, which indicates the great potential of the phase-transition-promoted TET.

Phase-Transition-Promoted Thermoelectric Textiles Based on Twin Surface-Modified CNT Fibers.

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