While household mould growth has been increasingly highlighted in response to its adverse health outcomes and building management burden, studies are reviewed respectively from perspective of epidemiological survey, or building technology. This paper thus presents a literature review to address the building environment and mould exposure in homes, including the mould growth and exposure characteristics, interaction with building features, design requirements from current standards. The review indicates that mould growth favors damp indoor environments in homes and is positively facilitated by warm temperature and high humidity, releasing spores such as Cladosporium, Aspergillus, and Penicillium into air and resulting in sensitization and activation of allergic responses in airways like asthma. The building energy efficient designs, such as increased insulation and airtightness improve the thermal environment but possibly accumulate indoor moisture and increase mould growth risks, due to lack of sufficient ventilation. While current indoor humidity and/or mould related standards do not fully emphasize refined requirements, as a result of the diversity of mould species, temporal and spatial variations; due to variation in individual susceptibility, the critical thresholds for mould exposure safety have not been linked to health risk and clearly established. Therefore, this review suggests a multidisciplinary cooperation of epidemiology, building technology, as well as biological and molecular research in future, to facilitate understandings of the causal mechanism, quantitative assessment, and acceptable thresholds for mould exposure and management in buildings.

Indoor mould exposure: Characteristics, influences and corresponding associations with built environment—A review

On-site investigation of the concentration and size distribution characteristics of airborne fungi in a university library

Fungal spores dispersed in the atmosphere may become cause of different pathological conditions and allergies for human beings. A number of studies have been performed to analyze the diversity of airborne fungi in different environments worldwide, and in particular in many urban areas in China. We investigated, for the first time, the diversity, concentration and distribution of airborne fungi in Tianjin city. We sampled 8 outdoor environments, using open plate method, during a whole winter season. Isolated fungi were identified by morphological and molecular analysis. Environmental factors which could influence the airborne fungi concentration (temperature, humidity, wind speed, and air pressure) were monitored and analyzed. The effect of different urban site functions (busy areas with high traffic flow and commercial activities vs. green areas) on airborne fungal diversity was also analyzed. A total of 560 fungal strains, belonging to 110 species and 49 genera of Ascomycota (80 %), Basidiomycota (18 %), and Mucoromycota (2 %) were isolated in this study. The dominant fungal genus was Alternaria (22 %), followed by Cladosporium (18.4 %), Naganishia (14.1 %), Fusarium (5.9 %), Phoma (4.11 %), and Didymella (4.8 %). A fungal concentration ranging from 0 to 3224.13 CFU m− 3 was recorded during the whole study. Permutational multivariate analysis showed that the month was the most influential factor for airborne fungal community structure, probably because it can be regarded as a proxy of environmental variables, followed by wind speed. The two analyzed environments (busy vs. green) had no detectable effect on the air fungal community, which could be related to the relatively small size of parks in Tianjin and/or to the study season. Our study shed light on the highly diverse community of airborne fungi characterizing the outdoor environments of Tianjin, and clarified the role that different environmental factors played in shaping the analyzed fungal community. The dominant presence of fungi with potential hazardous effect on human health, such as Alternaria, Cladosporium and Naganishia, deserves further attention. Our results may represent a valuable source of information for air quality monitoring, microbial pollution control, and airborne diseases prevention.

/pdf/analysis-of-culturable-airborne-fungi-in-outdoor-1eha9pphgl.pdf

Analysis of culturable airborne fungi in outdoor environments in Tianjin, China

Air distribution and thermal environment optimization on subway platform using an innovative attached ventilation mode

Because of rapid urbanization, traffic problems, and other factors, underground spaces have been used more in the twenty-first century. Large underground spaces are required for underground city, metro, tunnel, mine, industrial and agricultural engineering, and civil air defense engineering. Underground spaces with varying thermal, ventilation, and lighting environments can face problems of comfort, health, and safety. High temperatures, high humidity, difficulty in flue gas emission, harmful microorganisms, radon, and physical and psychological problems are examples of issues. Air quality control technologies for underground spaces, such as ventilation, dehumidification, natural energy utilization, smoke extraction, and ventilation resistance reduction, are discussed. Ventilation for smoke-proofing/evacuation is also extensively addressed.

/pdf/a-review-of-ventilation-and-environmental-control-of-1zkmjxle.pdf

A Review of Ventilation and Environmental Control of Underground Spaces

Indoor airborne fungal levels in selected comprehensive compartments of the urban utility tunnel in Nanjing, Southeast China

Exposure level and distribution of airborne bacteria and fungi in an urban utility tunnel: A case study

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Indoor airborne fungal levels in selected comprehensive compartments of the urban utility tunnel in Nanjing, Southeast China

Exposure level and distribution of airborne bacteria and fungi in an urban utility tunnel: A case study