Thermoregulation is a vital function of the autonomic nervous system in response to cold and heat stress. Thermoregulatory physiology sustains health by keeping body core temperature within a degree or two of 37°C, which enables normal cellular function. Heat production and dissipation are dependent on a coordinated set of autonomic responses. The clinical detection of thermoregulatory impairment provides important diagnostic and localizing information in the evaluation of disorders that impair thermoregulatory pathways, including autonomic neuropathies and ganglionopathies. Failure of neural thermoregulatory mechanisms or exposure to extreme or sustained temperatures that overwhelm the body's thermoregulatory capacity can also result in potentially life-threatening departures from normothermia. Hypothermia, defined as a core temperature of 40.5°C, may present with sweating, flushing, tachycardia, fatigue, lightheadedness, headache, and paresthesia, progressing to weakness, muscle cramps, oliguria, nausea, agitation, hypotension, syncope, confusion, delirium, seizures, and coma. Mental status changes and core temperature distinguish potentially fatal heat stroke from heat exhaustion. Management requires the immediate reduction of core temperature. Ice water immersion has been shown to be superior to alternative cooling measures. Avoidance of thermal risk and early recognition of cold or heat stress are the cornerstones of preventive therapy.

Thermoregulatory disorders and illness related to heat and cold stress.

Recent reports of a high response to bodies in the fusiform face area (FFA) challenge the idea that the FFA is exclusively selective for face stimuli. We examined this claim by conducting a functional magnetic resonance imaging experiment at both standard (3.125 x 3.125 x 4.0 mm) and high resolution (1.4 x 1.4 x 2.0 mm). In both experiments, regions of interest (ROIs) were defined using data from blocked localizer runs. Within each ROI, we measured the mean peak response to a variety of stimulus types in independent data from a subsequent event-related experiment. Our localizer scans identified a fusiform body area (FBA), a body-selective region reported recently by Peelen and Downing (2005) that is anatomically distinct from the extrastriate body area. The FBA overlapped with and was adjacent to the FFA in all but two participants. Selectivity of the FFA to faces and FBA to bodies was stronger for the high-resolution scans, as expected from the reduction in partial volume effects. When new ROIs were constructed for the high-resolution experiment by omitting the voxels showing overlapping selectivity for both bodies and faces in the localizer scans, the resulting FFA* ROI showed no response above control objects for body stimuli, and the FBA* ROI showed no response above control objects for face stimuli. These results demonstrate strong selectivities in distinct but adjacent regions in the fusiform gyrus for only faces in one region (the FFA*) and only bodies in the other (the FBA*).

Separate face and body selectivity on the fusiform gyrus

An ever-increasing number of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies are now using information-based multi-voxel pattern analysis (MVPA) techniques to decode mental states. In doing so, they achieve a significantly greater sensitivity compared to when they use univariate frameworks. However, the new brain-decoding methods have also posed new challenges for analysis and statistical inference on the group level. We discuss why the usual procedure of performing t-tests on accuracy maps across subjects in order to produce a group statistic is inappropriate. We propose a solution to this problem for local MVPA approaches, which achieves higher sensitivity than other procedures. Our method uses random permutation tests on the single-subject level, and then combines the results on the group level with a bootstrap method. To preserve the spatial dependency induced by local MVPA methods, we generate a random permutation set and keep it fixed across all locations. This enables us to later apply a cluster size control for the multiple testing problem. More specifically, we explicitly compute the distribution of cluster sizes and use this to determine the p-values for each cluster. Using a volumetric searchlight decoding procedure, we demonstrate the validity and sensitivity of our approach using both simulated and real fMRI data sets. In comparison to the standard t-test procedure implemented in SPM8, our results showed a higher sensitivity. We discuss the theoretical applicability and the practical advantages of our approach, and outline its generalization to other local MVPA methods, such as surface decoding techniques.

Statistical inference and multiple testing correction in classification-based multi-voxel pattern analysis (MVPA): random permutations and cluster size control

As we enter the Post-Human age many of our beliefs become redundant—not least the belief in human being.

What is a Human

microRNAs (miRNAs) and DNA methylation are the 2 epigenetic modifications that have emerged in recent years as the most critical players in the regulation of gene expression. Compelling evidence has indicated the roles of miRNAs and DNA methylation in modulating cellular transformation and tumorigenesis. miRNAs act as negative regulators of gene expression and are involved in the regulation of both physiologic conditions and during diseases, such as cancer, inflammatory diseases, and psychiatric disorders, among others. Meanwhile, aberrant DNA methylation manifests in both global genome changes and in localized gene promoter changes, which influences the transcription of cancer genes. In this review, we described the mutual regulation of miRNAs and DNA methylation in human cancers. miRNAs regulate DNA methylation by targeting DNA methyltransferases or methylation-related proteins. On the other hand, both hyper- and hypo-methylation of miRNAs occur frequently in human cancers and represent a new level of complexity in gene regulation. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms underlying the mutual regulation of miRNAs and DNA methylation may provide helpful insights in the development of efficient therapeutic approaches.

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/15592294.2016.1273308

Mutual regulation of microRNAs and DNA methylation in human cancers.

Bezoar-induced small bowel obstruction: Clinical characteristics and diagnostic value of multi-slice spiral computed tomography

pdf/bezoar-induced-small-bowel-obstruction-clinical-3hzg7643a1.pdf

Resveratrol is a common, naturally occurring polyphenol confirmed with inhibited the cellular effects of carcinogenesis. However, the molecular mechanism underlying resveratrol's action against hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is still unclear. In addition, MARCH1 promotes the initiation and progression of HCC, but it is unclear whether resveratrol exerts antitumor efforts by regulating MARCH1 expression. This study determined the molecular mechanisms underlying the antitumor effects of resveratrol in HCC. Resveratrol induced apoptosis and inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion of HCC cell lines (HepG2 and Hep3B). In addition, it inhibited MARCH1 and phospho-protein kinase B (p-AKT) expression but upregulated the phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) dose-dependently both in vitro and in vivo. MARCH1 knockdown by small interfering RNA (siRNA) also increased PTEN expression. Meanwhile, MK2206 (an AKT inhibitor) and bisperoxovanadium (BPV; a PTEN inhibitor) combined with resveratrol decreased MARCH1 expression more than the single-treatment HCC group. These results suggested that resveratrol affects the biological characteristics of HCC via downregulation of MARCH1 expression.

Resveratrol inhibits the malignant progression of hepatocellular carcinoma via MARCH1-induced regulation of PTEN/AKT signaling.

Distant metastasis is the predominant pattern of gastric cancer (GC) recurrence, and is the most common cause of cancer‑associated mortality. Accumulating evidence has suggested that aberrant activation of epithelial‑mesenchymal transition has a crucial role in the genesis, invasion and metastasis of various types of cancer, including GC. Using Cell Counting kit‑8 and Transwell assays, the effects of microRNA (miR)‑205 on the proliferation, migration and invasion of NCI‑H87 GC cells were determined, and the potential underlying mechanisms were explored. The results of the present study demonstrated that miR‑205, which has been reported to function as a tumor suppressor in various types of cancer, significantly suppressed the migration and invasion of GC cells, which may be correlated with its suppressive effects on EMT. Upon transfection with miR‑205, the epithelial marker CDH1 (E‑cadherin) was upregulated, and the mesenchymal markers CDH2 (N‑cadherin) and vimentin were suppressed. Furthermore, zinc‑finger E‑box‑binding homeobox factor‑1 (ZEB1) was identified as a putative target gene of miR‑205 in GC, which may be associated with its suppressive effects. The results of the present study may provide novel diagnostic and therapeutic options for the treatment of human GC.

/pdf/microrna-205-suppresses-the-invasion-and-epithelial-2y9rewv64m.pdf

MicroRNA-205 suppresses the invasion and epithelial-mesenchymal transition of human gastric cancer cells

Sex Differences in Spatial Memory.

Humans can skillfully recognize actions from others' body motion and make a judgment or response at once. Previous neuroimaging studies have mostly utilized diminished and brief human motion stimuli and indicated that human occipito-temporal cortex plays a critical role at biological motion recognition. It remains unclear to what extent that the areas related to human motion perception are involved in decoding basic movements. Because human movement naturally stems from the sequences of body posture, so we utilized the stimulus of real movements. Participants were presented four categories of human movements (jump, run, skip and walk) in a blocked fMRI experiment. Multi-voxel pattern analysis (MVPA) was adopted to assess whether different movements could be discriminated in four regions. We found that movement-specific information was represented in both human body-sensitive areas, extrastriate body area (EBA) and motion-sensitive areas, posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS) and human middle temporal complex (hMT+). Additionally, a further functional connectivity analysis using EBA as a seed was conducted and it suggested that EBA showed a task-modulated functional connectivity with multiple areas that were involved in the behavior perception and motor control. Human motion processing appeared to be completed in a distributed network. The occipito-temporal cortex may perform the initial processing of human motion information extracting, and then transform them to interconnected areas for a further utilization.

Investigating the neural basis of basic human movement perception using multi-voxel pattern analysis

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