The sensitivity and accuracy of electrochemiluminescence (ECL) sensors for detecting small-molecule pollutants in environmental water are affected not only by nonspecific adsorption of proteins and other molecules but also by bacterial interference. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop an ECL sensor with antifouling and antibacterial functions for water environment monitoring. Herein, a highly efficient antifouling sensing interface (PSBMA@SiO2-MXene) based on zwitterionic sulfobetaine methacrylate (SBMA) antifouling nanospheres (NPs) and two-dimensional MXene nanosheets was designed for the sensitive detection of oxytetracycline (OTC), an antibiotic small-molecule pollutant. Specifically, SBMA with good hydrophilicity and electrical neutrality was connected to SiO2 NPs, thus effectively reducing protein and bacterial adsorption and improving stability. Second, MXene with a high specific surface area was selected as the carrier to load more antifouling NPs, which greatly improves the antifouling performance. Meanwhile, the introduction of MXene also enhances the conductivity of the antifouling interface. In addition, a ratio-based sensing strategy was designed to further improve the detection accuracy and sensitivity of the sensor by utilizing Au@luminol as an internal standard factor. Based on antifouling and antibacterial interfaces, as well as internal standard and ratiometric sensing strategies, the detection range of the proposed sensor was 0.1 ng/mL to 100 μg/mL, with a detection limit of 0.023 ng/mL, achieving trace dynamic monitoring of antibiotics in complex aqueous media.

Ultrasensitive Ratiometric Electrochemiluminescence Sensor with an Efficient Antifouling and Antibacterial Interface of PSBMA@SiO2-MXene for Oxytetracycline Trace Detection in the Marine Environment.

A collection of the best practice examples of electroanalytical applications in education: from polarography to sensors

Enzymatic saccharification is crucial in harvesting clean bioenergy and renewable biomaterials from lignocellulosic biomass. Due to the non-productive adsorption between residual lignin and cellulase, improving the efficiency of enzymatic hydrolysis is challenging. The mild pretreatment methods hinder further lignin removal. According to reports, a wide range of additives are applied to boost the substrate enzymatic digestibility by averting non-productive adsorption between substrate lignin and cellulases. There is a lack of comprehensive classification and summary of these additives, though, resulting in their working mechanisms still being a subject of debate. This mini-review firstly addresses the complexity of the enzymatic hydrolysis system, examining the interactions among its key components (substrate cellulose, residual lignin, and cellulases) involved in enzymatic hydrolysis. Based on, the mechanisms by which these additives operate within the pretreatment process and the enzymatic hydrolysis system are critically reviewed from the perspective of acting as carbon scavengers, lignin blockers, protectors of cellulase, and enhancers of cellulose's accessibility. This review serves as a valuable resource for identifying novel and effective additives to enhance the understanding of lignocellulosic enzymatic saccharification. Moreover, constructive suggestions were put forward for the development of enzymatic saccharification platform. 

Emerging role of additives in lignocellulose enzymatic saccharification: A review

Electrochemical biosensing represents a highly effective technology for detecting disease biomarkers given its high sensitivity, low and clinically relevant limit of detection, and cost effectiveness. However, in complex media such as urine, blood, sweat or saliva, biosensing performance can be significantly impacted by electrode biofouling by proteins, cells, lipids, and other matrix components. Such biofouling leads to reduced signal from the target analyte coupled with an elevated background signal, resulting in poor signal‐to‐noise ratios (SNRs), reduced sensitivity, and lower specificity. This comprehensive review describes the design of anti‐fouling polymers and peptides as a potential solution to prevent or suppress electrochemical biosensor fouling. Various anti‐fouling polymers and peptides developed for improved biosensing in complex media are summarized in the context of their mechanism(s) of anti‐fouling, methods of deposition, and practical applications. Recent advances and persistent challenges in the field are also reviewed to provide perspectives on new directions toward enhancing anti‐fouling in electrochemical biosensors.

Anti‐Fouling Polymer or Peptide‐Modified Electrochemical Biosensors for Improved Biosensing in Complex Media

As a common heavy metal pollutants, lead ion (Pb2+) content monitoring has always been the focus of environmental protection. The rapid development of self-powered electrochemical biosensors open up the broad application prospects for Pb2+ detection. In this work, we innovatively design three-dimensional (3D) hollow cube bimetallic sulfide heterojunction microparticles combine with DNAzyme functional nucleic acid mediated by hybridization chain reaction (HCR) strategy to construct the ultra-sensitive self-powered sensor. The multiple amplification technology synergically enhanced the sensitivity. The electrochemical data show that the sensor has a wide linear response in the range of 0.0010–25 ng·mL−1 with the low detection limit is 3.10 pg·mL−1 (S / N = 3). The most special feature is that the introduction of commercial smart phone APP can effectively reduce cost, simplify process, and realize rapid on-site detection. In conclusion, the work can provide a feasible strategy for monitoring other hazardous substances, and advance the determination of environmental pollutants in the field. 

Ultra-sensitive self-powered sensor based on the hollow Rubik's cube substrate and multiple signal amplification strategy for real-time heavy metal detection

Water-soluble lignin and lignin derivatives are cited to promote the enzymatic saccharification of lignocellulose. Herein, a series of fully sulfonated polystyrene sulfonates (FSPSSs) with various molecular weights (MW) were synthesized through free radical polymerization (FRP) and atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) to serve as lignin analogues to boost the enzymatic saccharification of bioenergy poplar under green liquor pretreatment. The FRP-made polymers with MW 944.5×103 to 123.6×103 g/mol increased the enzymatic hydrolysis digestibility (SED) by 13% to 18.8%. On contrary, the ATRP-made polymers with lower MW (3.8×103 ∼ 12.2×103 g/mol) showed a weak effect with less than 8% improvement in SED. This can be explained the adsorption capacity and the conformation of cellulase-FSPSS complexes, which respond to the reducing nonproductive adsorption correlated to their MWs, due to the strong dependence of molecular conformation on the chain length of strong polyelectrolytes.

Enzymatic saccharification promotion for bioenergy poplar under green liquor pretreatment by fully sulfonated polystyrene: Effect of molecular weight.

A broadband metamaterial absorber (MA) structure for Ultrahigh-Frequency (UHF) band was proposed, and the miniaturization of the unit was realized by combining the method of bending metal wires and loading metal vias. The size of the unit cell is 0.040 λL × 0.040 λL × 0.075 λL (λL is the wavelength corresponding to the lowest frequency of 0.5 GHz). The simulation results show that the bandwidth of the MA is from 0.50 GHz to 1.33 GHz, and the relative bandwidth is 90.7%. Polarization insensitivity of the MA was realized through assembling a 2 × 2 orthogonal array. TE and TM polarizations maintain more than 80% of the absorptance in the range of 40° at oblique incidence. The consistency of full-wave simulation, circuit simulation and measured results is high, which verifies the broadband absorption characteristics of the proposed MA.

/pdf/design-of-2-5d-miniaturized-broadband-absorber-for-ultrahigh-3mwkt7gp.pdf

Design of 2.5D Miniaturized Broadband Absorber for Ultrahigh-Frequency Band

Oxygen Barrier Capability of Zrb2-Sic Coating at 1700°C Strengthened by Film-Forming Treatment

A Melatonin-Targeted Near-Infrared Fluorescent Probe Activated by HClO for Imaging Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Copolymerization of Zwitterionic Sulfobetaine and Hydrophobic Acrylamide Based Antifouling Electrochemical Biosensors for Detection of Ca125 in Clinical Serum Samples

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