Strategies towards a more sustainable aviation: A systematic review

Numerical analysis of fan noise for the NOVA boundary-layer ingestion configuration


 The present paper focuses on the numerical modeling approaches adopted in boundary layer ingestion (BLI) studies. Three driving aircraft concepts have been identified, namely propulsive fuselage concept (PFC), rear engines concept (REC), and distributed fans concept (DFC). The affiliation to relevant research projects has been considered. Specifically, European projects DisPURSAL and CENTRELINE, NASA projects STARC-ABL, D8, and N3-X, as well as ONERA projects NOVA and DRAGON have been examined, together with other significant works. The methodologies adopted by the reviewed analyses have been investigated and summarized for each concept, in order to assess the main trends of BLI modeling strategies.

Boundary Layer Ingestion Propulsion: A Review on Numerical Modeling

The potential benefits of hybrid-electric propulsion (HEP) have led to an increased interest in this topic over the past decade. One promising advantage of HEP is the distribution of power along the airframe, which enables synergistic configurations with improved aerodynamic and propulsive efficiency. The purpose of this paper is to present a generic sizing method suitable for the first stages of the design process of hybrid-electric aircraft, taking into account the powertrain architecture and associated propulsion–airframe integration effects. To this end, the performance equations are modified to account for aero-propulsive interaction. A power-loading constraint-diagram is used for each component in the powertrain to provide a visual representation of the design space. The results of the power-loading diagrams are used in a HEP-compatible mission analysis and weight estimation to compute the wing area, powerplant size, and take-off weight. The resulting method is applicable to a wide range of electric and hybrid-electric aircraft configurations and can be used to estimate the optimal power-control profiles. For demonstration purposes, the method is applied a HEP concept featuring leading-edge distributed-propulsion (DP). Three powertrain architectures are compared, showing how the aero-propulsive effects are inlcuded in the model. The results confirm the method is sensitive to top-level HEP and DP design parameters, and indicate an increase in wing loading and power loading enabled by DP.

https://arc.aiaa.org/doi/pdf/10.2514/6.2018-4228.c2

A Preliminary Sizing Method for Hybrid-Electric Aircraft Including Aero-Propulsive Interaction Effects

This paper presents experimental measurements of propulsive power reduction due to boundary layer ingestion, for an electric ducted fan propulsor behind a NACA 0040 body of revolution at a Reynolds number of approximately 240,000. The propulsive power is defined as the electrical power required by the propulsor to obtain a zero net streamwise force on the body/propulsor combination, mimicking the cruise condition for an aircraft. The benefits of the boundary layer ingestion are quantified as a power saving coefficient, or ratio relative to the no-ingestion case where the propulsor is isolated from the wake. The measurements show a maximum power savings when the propulsor is closest to the body centered on the body axis, with savings of 26% for an untripped flow case and 29% for a tripped flow case. A second iteration of experiments were performed, showing a maximum power savings of 25% for a tripped flow case. Propulsor locations farther downstream and further off-axis show progressively smaller power saving benefits. An uncertainty analysis is performed to verify the measurements to within 99% confidence. Wake profiles were also measured to confirm that the wake was fully ingested for on-axis propulsor locations.

Benefits of Boundary Layer Ingestion Propulsion

This paper presents conceptual studies to evaluate the performance of the propulsor and its associated vehicle in the configurations of wake ingestion and boundary-layer ingestion. A power conversion analysis uses the power balance method to elaborate the power-saving mechanism of wake ingestion, showing that the Froude’s propulsive efficiency as a figure of merit should be separated from the power conversion efficiency in these configurations. The body/propulsor interaction occurring in the boundary-layer ingestion configuration is qualitatively analyzed to clarify its influence on the performance of the integrated vehicle. The results suggest that the minimization of power consumption should be used as a design criterion for aircraft using boundary-layer ingestion.

Performance Analysis of Wake and Boundary-Layer Ingestion for Aircraft Design

This paper presents a power-based analysis through 3D Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes simulations for a typical transonic transport aircraft resented by the DLR-F6 model. Two configurations were employed in CFD simulations. The original F6 model geometry was defined as the wing body configuration, and a wake-filling actuator disc was added to the F6 model to establish the BLI configuration. This study proposes a segregated 3D computational domain in RANS simulations to track the change in power terms in the flow field so that the power conversion process can be studied and visualized. For the wing body configuration, the power-based analysis illustrated the power conversion process, showing that about 35% of the total power input remains in the form of the mechanical power of aircraft wake at the outlet plane. For the BLI configuration, 22% of the total power input was left in the form of the mechanical power of downstream flow mixed with the wake and jet at the outlet plane. This study elaborates on the error of the mechanical power imbalance, showing that the convergence in aircraft drag does not necessarily lead to a small error in 3D RANS simulations. The high value of power imbalance error is associated with the wing.

https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/12/20/10194/pdf?version=1665567294

A Power Based Analysis for a Transonic Transport Aircraft Configuration through 3D RANS Simulations

This paper aims to establish an approach of power bookkeeping in a numerical study. To study the process of power conversion coursed in the flow field, the methodology employs a power-based analysis to quantify power terms. This approach is examined in a simulation of jet flow and then applied to the cases of an isolated actuator disc and an isolated flat plate. Eventually, a numerical simulation is carried out for the boundary layer ingestion (BLI) case that integrates the flat plate and a wake-filling actuator disc. This study quantitatively discusses the mechanisms of BLI under the conditions of laminar and turbulent flow. The proposed power-based analysis might offer insights for the aircraft aerodynamic design using favorable airframe propulsion integration.

/pdf/2d-numerical-study-on-the-flow-mechanisms-of-boundary-layer-1vil9c5b.pdf

2D Numerical Study on the Flow Mechanisms of Boundary Layer Ingestion through Power-Based Analysis

The current experimental study aims at quantifying the power conversion processes involved in a propulsor ingesting body wake. Stereoscopic particle image velocimetry is employed for the first time...

Experimental Investigation of the Flow Mechanisms Associated with a Wake-Ingesting Propulsor

Conceptual Analysis of Boundary Layer Ingestion towards Aircraft Propulsion Integration

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