The prospect of biofuels as a transport alternative fuel in Australia is reviewed and discussed in this paper. The Australian transport sector is the second largest energy consuming sector which consumes about 24% of total energy consumption. A part of this energy demand can be met by ecofriendly biofuels. A wide array of different biofuels feedstocks including Australian native species, their distributions, oil content, traditional uses are reviewed and listed in the descending order of their oil content. The world biofuel scenario as well as the 20 largest biofuel production countries and their mandates on biofuels blending with petroleum diesel are presented. Australia’s biofuel production, consumption, production facilities and future investment projects are also reviewed and discussed. The study developed a biofuel supply chain for Australia and found that the second generation biofuels have better prospects as a future alternative transport fuel in Australia. These biofuel feedstocks are readily available and can overcome the shortcomings of the first generation biofuels, such as socio-economic, environmental and food versus land use challenges. Although some research is in progress, further study is needed on the process development of second generation biofuel production at commercial scale in Australia and abroad.

Prospect of biofuels as an alternative transport fuel in Australia.

Context: Orange Jessamine [Murraya paniculata L. (Rutaceae)] has been used worldwide in folk medicine as an anti-inflammatory, antibiotic and analgesic.Objective: The objective of this study is to investigate the in vitro antioxidant, cytotoxic, antibacterial and antifungal activity and the time-kill curve studies of orange jessamine essential oil and β-caryophyllene, as well as the chemical composition of the essential oil.Material and methods: The cytotoxic activity of M. paniculata and β-caryophyllene (7.8–500 μg/mL) was evaluated using the MTT assay on normal fibroblasts and hepatoma cells. The minimal inhibitory concentration and time–kill curves (24 h) were evaluated against those of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Enterococcus faecallis, Aspergillus (niger, fumigates and parasiticum) and F. solani by the broth microdilution method. The antioxidant activity was measured by the DPPH and ABTS assays. Chemical composition was evaluated by GC/MS analyses.Results:...

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/13880209.2016.1254251

Effects of β-caryophyllene and Murraya paniculata essential oil in the murine hepatoma cells and in the bacteria and fungi 24-h time-kill curve studies

https://cyberleninka.org/article/n/682423.pdf

Anti-inflammatory activity of traditional Chinese medicinal herbs

Monotropein exerts protective effects against IL-1β-induced apoptosis and catabolic responses on osteoarthritis chondrocytes

Exotines A and B, Two Heterodimers of Isopentenyl-Substituted Indole and Coumarin Derivatives from Murraya exotica.

Context: Leaves of Murraya exotica L. (Rutaceae) are used for the treatment of various disorders such as cough, fever, and infectious wounds, as well as alleviating pains in folk medicine in southern China.Objective: The objectives of this study were to investigate the in vivo antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of ethanol (70%) extracts and isolated compounds obtained from the dried leaves of M. exotica.Materials and methods: The antinociceptive activities were evaluated with the methods of acetic acid-induced writhing response and hot-plate latent pain response test. Carrageenan induced hind paw edema, xylene induced ear edema, and a rat knee osteoarthritis model were employed to measure the anti-inflammatory activities. The compounds were isolated using column chromatography and thin-layer chromatography, and the structures identified by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, MS, and IR.Results: The ethanol (70%) extracts significantly decreased in the acetic acid-induced writhing response; increased in hot-pla...

Evaluation of anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities of Murraya exotica

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Evaluation of anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities of Murraya exotica