Abstract Data buoys are a widespread method of not only monitoring environmental parameters, but have a range of other applications: from surveillance to providing power for autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs). The majority of data buoys currently in use are either solely powered by batteries, or they employ an array of solar panels to sporadically top up the battery power when environmental conditions are suitable. Less usual for data buoys is the use of wind power—though some successful hybrids of the two, such as the AXYS Technologies WindSentinel, also exist. As wave power technology matures, advancements in this currently underdeveloped technology could allow data buoys the option of using wave energy converters (WECs) as an alternative renewable power source. Data buoys could provide a small-scale application of WECs where many of the issues with harvesting such a stochastic and irregular energy source would be highlighted. The lessons learned in developing wave-powered data buoys could potentially be applied to larger, more costly wave energy applications such as wave farms or megawatt-level generators. This review considers data buoy projects currently in development—particularly those that look to incorporate a wave energy harvesting mechanism as either their primary or secondary power source, and their prospects, both as end-use applications in their own right, and as low-cost platforms to prove emerging wave energy technology for larger-scale use. 

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Powering data buoys using wave energy: a review of possibilities

Techniques for harvesting energy and environmental monitoring are crucial for the development and application of wave energy. Here, we propose a piezoelectric-electromagnetic hybrid energy harvester (PEHEH) for low-frequency wave motion and self-sensing wave environment monitoring. The PEHEH consists of an electromagnetic energy harvester (EMH) and two distinct types of piezoelectric energy harvesters (PEH-1 and PEH-2). The combination of piezoelectric power generation and electromagnetic power generation can effectively harvest low-frequency wave energy. Using the L-shaped piezoelectric cantilever can make it produce large deformation under low-frequency excitation to obtain better power output. The movement of the spherical magnet in the channel tube changes the magnetic flux in the coil to generate electricity. The PEHEH is designed to float on the surface of the water to harvest wave energy in multiple directions. According to the experimental findings, the PEHEH can obtain a power output of 32.58 mW with the optimal combination of parameters. The PEHEH can supply power to the LEDs and enable them to emit light properly. Meanwhile, using the PEH-1 and PEH-2 as the power supply part and the EMH as the self-sensing part, the PEHEH can realize the monitoring of wave amplitude in the actual wave environment. The above results verified that PEHEH has the functions of self-powering and self-sensing. This research provides a novel technical solution for the development and utilization of wave energy. 

A piezoelectric-electromagnetic hybrid energy harvester for low-frequency wave motion and self-sensing wave environment monitoring

The back-bent duct buoy (BBDB) can be used as a floating oscillating water column (OWC) wave energy converter, showing its potential and reliability in most previous prototype sea trials. In this study, an experimental test on a generic BBDB OWC model was conducted in a wave flume using irregular wave scenarios. By using a specific mechanism, the degree-of-freedom (DOF) of the model can be preset in four modes: the ZDOF (the model is fixed with zero DOF) mode, the TDOFs mode (the model conducts the pitching and heaving motions with two DOFs), the SDOF-P mode (the model conducts the pitching motion with the single DOF), and the SDOF-H mode (the model conducts the heaving motion with the single DOF). The kinematic, hydrodynamic, and aerodynamic responses and energy-harvesting performances of the BBDB model were presented and analyzed. It was found that the pitching and heaving motions made positive and negative contributions to wave power capturing of the model, resulting in a moderate energy-harvesting performance for the TDOFs mode. Furthermore, the analysis indicated that strengthening the pitching motion and restraining the heaving motion will benefit the wave energy conversion of the BBDB device. 

Hydrodynamic and energy-harvesting performance of a BBDB-OWC device in irregular waves: An experimental study

Wave energy is not easily harvested due to its low-frequency movement. This paper proposed a lever-type piezoelectric wave energy harvester (LPWEH) based on magnetic coupling and inertial vibration. Through four sets of L-shaped lever structures, the LPWEH can fully use the kinetic energy created by wave motion. Using magnetic coupling and inertial vibration excitation methods can realize improved output performance. Meanwhile, using these two non-contact excitation methods can reduce the wear of the piezoelectric sheets. The effects of the installation height of the oscillating lever, the included angle of the oscillating lever, and the magnet mass at the end of piezoelectric sheets on the prototype's output voltage are studied. With the best testing conditions, the LPWEH can achieve an output voltage of 36.93 V and an output power of 16.72 mW at a resistance of 6 kΩ. In tests of wave environment, the LPWEH can light up 34 LEDs. These findings demonstrate that the LPWEH has a promising application for converting wave energy into electric energy, which may be used to supply electricity to some low-energy electronic devices. 

A lever-type piezoelectric wave energy harvester based on magnetic coupling and inertial vibration

With the diversification of marine monitoring buoy functions, limited onboard batteries have been unable to meet the energy demand of multifarious carrying sensors. Finding a self-sustained power supply for marine monitoring buoys is an urgent problem, while wave energy is an ideal and promising option to address that problem. In this study, two wave-excited vibration energy harvesters (WVEHs) are proposed, which can be installed inside large buoys to provide a sustainable power supply. A full-coupled wave-to-wire model is developed to investigate the influence of blocks' mass, geometric size of buoys, mooring system and WVEH's quantity on the electric power performance of harvesters in realistic sea states. Parametric studies based on the Taguchi method imply that the sea state and the WVEH's quantity have a significant effect on the device's electric power performance. Numerical results indicate that the optimized two harvesters can produce a mean electric power of 777.50 W and 747.43 W, respectively, under a sea state with a peak wave period of 7 s and a significant wave height of 1.6 m. A high wave-to-wire efficiency of 2.60% is obtained for a specific system parameter combination. Furthermore, more electric power generation can be achieved by installing multiple harvesting units. 

Numerical study on self-power supply of large marine monitoring buoys: wave-excited vibration energy harvesting and harvester optimization

Response of a self-powered offshore floating support structure with an OWC for powering a LIDAR device

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Response of a self-powered offshore floating support structure with an OWC for powering a LIDAR device