This paper focus on the simulation and hardware analysis of a diode clamped multilevel inverter (DCMLI) fed direct torque control (DTC) permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drive in electric vehicle (EV) application. DTC-PMSM drive is more used for torque and speed control. The existing DTC PMSM drive consists of torque and flux hysteresis comparators and suffers from variable switching frequency and torque ripples. These problems can be solved by using carrier-based space vector modulation (CBSVM) about torque and flux. In this proposed approach a DCMLI fed 4 poles, 0.5 HP DTC PMSM drive system is designed and simulated using carrier-based CBSVM. Simulation and experimental implementation are carried out in MATLAB environment and AVR Microcontroller respectively. The simulated performances are studied in steady-state and transient conditions for varying load, speed, and torque. The results of the DTC-PMSM drive system using CBSVM show that the proposed method can effectively reduce the torque ripple and maintain a constant speed and also improved driving performance of drive for electric vehicle applications. 

Performance enhancement of DCMLI fed DTC-PMSM drive in electric vehicle

It is challenging for motorists to manually search for a parking slot in a crowded parking area. Conventional methods for locating vacant or occupied space are regarded as inefficient and unreliable. In this work, an Internet-of-Things (IoT)-enabled vacant parking slot detection system is developed and tested using low-cost inkjet-printed passive ultrahigh-frequency (UHF) radio frequency identification (RFID) tags. The working principle of the proposed system is to analyze the backscattered signal strength from the tags at the receiver side for vehicle presence/ absence detection in the parking slots. First of all, we propose a low-cost passive tag optimized to work in UHF RFID-band pasted on plastic material display for parking slots. The data collected by the RFID reader from the tags is sent over message queuing telemetry transport (MQTT) protocol via Scotland 5G-network to the MongoDB database using a Python module Pymongo for decision-making and display of vacant parking slots to the motorists. A Python-based web-app extracts data from the database and shows it on a web-app display using the embedded JavaScript template (EJS) for each slot. Experimental observations conducted at parking slots in the presence of vehicles indicate a drastic reduction in the received-signal-strength-index (RSSI) value at the receiver end, which implies that RSSI signal drop can be utilized for the detection of vehicle presence in the parking slot. The suggested approach aims to facilitate the economical and effective location of available parking slots. The test results for the proposed system are recorded and presented, demonstrating its significant performance and showing great accuracy for the tested scenarios. 

/pdf/iot-enabled-vacant-parking-slot-detection-system-using-1kf0s2d9.pdf

IoT-Enabled Vacant Parking Slot Detection System Using Inkjet-Printed RFID Tags

Sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) is a method to generate the switching gate pulse of the converter. Overmodulation is a method where the modulation index exceeds the unity value and the system goes into the nonlinear region. To maintain the system in a linear region when operating in the overmodulation region, some techniques are developed. These techniques helped to operate the system in the linear range. Medium and high-power energy conversion systems mostly use a modular multilevel cascaded converter (MMCC), which has been an issue improving significantly in recent years. In this article, MMCC-based overmodulation techniques are compared with conventional PWM and analyzed on DC bus utilization (DBU), and total harmonic distortion (THD). MATLAB/Simulink digital platform used demonstrate overmodulation technique.

/pdf/investigative-uses-of-overmodulation-techniques-in-modular-1ojyozff.pdf

Investigative uses of overmodulation techniques in modular multilevel cascaded converter

It is challenging for motorists to manually search for a parking slot in a crowded parking area. Conventional methods for locating vacant or occupied space are regarded as inefficient and unreliable. In this work, an Internet-of-Things (IoT)-enabled vacant parking slot detection system is developed and tested using low-cost inkjet-printed passive ultrahigh-frequency (UHF) radio frequency identification (RFID) tags. The working principle of the proposed system is to analyze the backscattered signal strength from the tags at the receiver side for vehicle presence/ absence detection in the parking slots. First of all, we propose a low-cost passive tag optimized to work in UHF RFID-band pasted on plastic material display for parking slots. The data collected by the RFID reader from the tags is sent over message queuing telemetry transport (MQTT) protocol via Scotland 5G-network to the MongoDB database using a Python module Pymongo for decision-making and display of vacant parking slots to the motorists. A Python-based web-app extracts data from the database and shows it on a web-app display using the embedded JavaScript template (EJS) for each slot. Experimental observations conducted at parking slots in the presence of vehicles indicate a drastic reduction in the received-signal-strength-index (RSSI) value at the receiver end, which implies that RSSI signal drop can be utilized for the detection of vehicle presence in the parking slot. The suggested approach aims to facilitate the economical and effective location of available parking slots. The test results for the proposed system are recorded and presented, demonstrating its significant performance and showing great accuracy for the tested scenarios.

Due to the limited availability of parking slots in parking areas, drivers often have difficulty finding an empty parking slot. The number of parking slots available at a particular location is usually less than the number of vehicles. Hence, drivers spend a lot of time looking for vacant parking slots, which eventually delays the completion of their tasks, such as paying bills, attending a meeting, or visiting a patient at the hospital, etc. There are a couple of parking guidance systems that have been highlighted by the other researchers, but most of them lack real-time, convenient guidance. This research proposed a smart parking guidance system made of an IoT Raspberry Pi combined with an Android application that makes use of the weighted k nearest neighbours for positioning the vehicle. This was achieved through the use of Wi-Fi signal strength indicator fingerprinting, allowing for real-time navigation and parking detection. In order to achieve real-time parking over the internet, Raspberry Pi hardware and the ThingSpeak IoT cloud with ultrasonic sensors are used in the proposed method. An Android application was involved in this parking detection system, which adopted IoT approaches to estimate the location of users in real-time and provide routes using route-finding techniques to assist drivers in finding their desired parking slots. Data from the sensors was processed and translated into the Raspberry Pi using the Python programming language. They were sent using the Message Telemetry Transport protocol to send parking data to the ThingSpeak IoT cloud in real-time. This data was displayed via the Android app. The user is then able to view each available parking slot, acquire the route, and be directed with high accuracy to the parking slots of their choice. In this study, advanced sensing and communication technologies were used together with the weighted k nearest neighbours algorithm for positioning and wayfinding in order to improve parking guidance accuracy. Based on the experimental results, the proposed system showed a lower average error rate of 1.5 metres in comparison to other positioning techniques, such as GPS, or other similar algorithms for positioning, such as maximum a posteriori, which have shown average errors of 2.3 metres and 3.55 metres, respectively, a potential increase of more than 35% from the previous error rate. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2023-09-08-012 Full Text: PDF 

IoT Raspberry Pi Based Smart Parking System with Weighted K-Nearest Neighbours Approach

Now days, Field Oriented Control (FOC) and Direct Torque Control (DTC) are used to control motors such as Induction Motor (IM), DC motor, Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) etc This paper represents the comparative study between 3-level and 5-level diode clamped multilevel inverter (DCMLI) with FOC and DTC topologies when applied to IM drive The performance of this drive with 3-level and 5-level diode clamped multilevel inverter (DCMLI) are compared based on performance and characteristics shown in this paper with help of MATLAB Simulink model

Analytical Evaluation of FOC and DTC Induction Motor Drives in Three Levels and Five Levels Diode Clamped Inverter

Growing dispersion of distributed generations in the recent electrical grid requires proper control algorithms to remain interconnected. They must also make a proper contribution to overall grid stability under distorted conditions. Furthermore, renewable energy sources (RES) should not be disconnected due to synchronization problems resulting in a loss of RES power generation. The PLL synchronization algorithms perform a key part to control the RES, and the phase angle, the grid voltage, frequency, will be detected quickly and precisely. In general, the PLL synchronization technique is used to monitor the grid voltage. The RES grid side converters (GSCs) dynamics have been directly affected by the design and performance of the PLL. The whole article provides a performance capability, operating principles, merits and demerits of advanced PLL synchronization techniques under different grid conditions.

A Survey based on PLL and its Synchronization Techniques for Interconnected System

In the recent trade demand, the AC machines and drives are extensively utilized. Normally, the AC drives exploit with high efficacy as well as high performance. Among other things, one of the best control strategies is Direct torque control (DTC). For this article, the induction motor drive is projected very simple amended DTC scheme in accordance with the hysteresis controller. By the reason of its modest assembly & effective execution, DTC is used for AC as well as DC drive as associated to other monitoring structures. The presence of high ripple content in output torque for DTC scheme is only an obstacle. This article approaches extenuation of the ripples in torque by varying the predictable 5-level torque hysteresis controller used in DTC. The expansion of distinctive switching approach has been generated for chosen voltage vector. On the basis of ripple content simulation outcomes fulfilled in MATLAB/SIMULINK for hysteresis torque controller to minimized the ripples.

/pdf/5-level-torque-hysteresis-controller-for-dtc-based-im-drive-182uv3qk.pdf

5-level torque-hysteresis controller for DTC based IM drive

The multilevel converters are extremely widespread alternatives within megawatt power level as well as medium voltage level applications due to their excellent execution than the typical two-level converters. The widely applied control strategies aimed at inverters are Sine Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM) and Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation (SVPWM) strategies. In between these two PWM methods, the SVPWM strategy has excellent execution as compared to the SPWM strategy as a result of improved DC link voltage use as well as a decrease in Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) in output voltages. A traditional SVPWM strategy owns numerous weaknesses like computational complications in terms of identification of the reference voltage vector position, to identify sector, triangle and also it requires large memory for storing look up tables used for switching vectors. This paper presents, an innovative modified SVPWM strategy aimed at Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Inverter (CHBMLI). The novel modified SVPWM strategy has overwhelm the downsides of traditional SVPWM strategy. A seven-level CHBMLI is used for the implementation of this simplified SVPWM method to assess performance and as well to made comparison with the SPWM strategy. A MATLAB software is used for the simulation.

/pdf/a-seven-level-cascaded-multilevel-inverter-based-on-3duz8jkf.pdf

A seven-level cascaded multilevel inverter based on simplified SVPWM method

Voltage sags due to their frequent occurrence and the losses they can cause in the electrical grid are some of the huge issues with the quality of power. A few milliseconds to a few cycles, the rms supply voltage decreased from 0.9 to 0.5 pu by a nominal 1-pu, which is defined as a short-duration voltage. The most significant concern in the power system is voltage sag, which has been mitigated by FACTS devices such as the static VAR compensator, the static compensator and the dynamic voltage restorer (DVR). Normally, the DVR is installed between the source voltage and the sensitive load. The new configuration of a DVR has been proposed using the open-loop and close-loop controller techniques. This article is a one-phase DVR for the relief of voltage sag using compensation techniques such as in-phase compensation and phase-advanced compensation proposed in the distribution network. The DVR has been designed to mitigate sag in both the open-loop control mode and the closed-loop control mode. The proposed DVR is also strong enough to maintain total harmonic load voltage distortions within the permissible voltage of the PSCAD simulation software. This article shows the development of hardware to mitigate voltage sag using a single-phase DVR.

Measurement and Compensation of Voltage Sag Employing open-loop Single-Phase Dynamic Voltage Restorer

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