Clodinafop 60 g/ha and metsulfuron methyl 4 g/ha + surfactant 0.02% alone, combinations of clodinafop and metsulfuron + surfactant at the similar and double dose and isoproturon + 2, 4-D were evaluated against complex weed flora in wheat during 2007–08 and 2008–09. Phalaris minor, Avena ludoviciana and Lolium temulentum were the major grassy weeds. Vicia sp., Anagallis arvensis and Lathyrus aphaca were among the broad-leaved weeds found growing in association with wheat crop. All the herbicidal treatments significantly reduced the dry weight of weeds. Tank mixture of clodinafop 60 g/ha + metsulfuron 4 g/ha and clodinafop 120 g/ha + metsulfuron 8 g/ha with and without 0.2% surfactant provided excellent control of weeds and produced significantly higher grain yield of wheat. Weeds caused 55.7% reduction in wheat grain yield.

Bio-efficacy of clodinafop-propargyl + metsulfuron methyl against complex weed flora in wheat

Title of thesis : Studies on herbicide resistance in Phalaris minor and its management through herbicide mixtures in wheat Full name of degree holder : Maninder Kaur Admission Number 2013A09D Title of degree : Doctor of Philosophy in Agronomy Name and address of Major Advisor : Dr. Jagdev Singh, Professor and Head, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, CCS HAU, Hisar, Haryana (India) Degree awarding University : CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar-125 004, Haryana (India) Year of award of degree : 2017 Major subject : Agronomy Total pages in thesis : 115 + i-xv + Appendices Total words in abstract : 609

Studies on herbicide resistance in Phalaris minor and its management through herbicide mixtures in wheat

A field experiment was conducted during the Rabi seasons of 2014–15 and 2015–16 on a silty clay loam soil at Palampur. Avena ludoviciana (36.3%), Phalaris minor (27.5%), Lolium temulentum (13.9%), Anagallis arvensis (10%) and Coronopus didymus (6.9) were the major weeds. Herbicide combinations (pendimethalin 1.0 kg/ha + metribuzin 175 g/ha, pendimethalin 1.0 kg/ha fb sulfosulfuron 18 g/ha, sulfosulfuron 20 g/ha + metsulfuron 4 g/ha, pinoxaden 60 g/ha + metsulfuron 4 g/ha, clodinafop 60 g/ha + metsulfuron 4 g/ha, isoproturon 1.0 kg/ha + 2, 4-D 0.5 kg/ha) were superior to sole application of herbicides (pendimethalin 1.25 kg/ha, sulfosulfuron 25 g/ha, metribuzin 210 g/ha and clodinafop 60 g/ha) in reducing weed count and dry weight and increasing plant height, number of tillers, crop dry matter, yield attributes and yield of wheat. Clodinafop + metsulfuron, pinoxaden + metsulfuron and pendimethalin fb metsulfuron being better than other combinations gave 28.6, 22.5 and 23.1% higher grain yield of wheat over hand weeding twice. Weeds reduced the grain yield by 51.9%. With unit increase in weed count per m2, the wheat grain yield was decreased by 13.3 kg/ha. The cost of weed control under herbicidal treatments was 9.0–28.9% of that under hand weeding lowest being under metribuzin and highest under pendimethalin fb sulfosulfuron. Clodinafop + metsulfuron gave the highest net returns due to weed control and marginal benefit: cost ratio (MBCR). Clodinafop + metsulfuron resulted in highest weed control efficiency (WCE), weed control index (WCI), crop resistance index (CRI), treatment efficiency index, crop intensity index and weed index. Weed management index, agronomic management index and integrated weed management index were highest under sulfosulfuron followed by clodinafop + metsulfuron. Based on overall impact index clodinafop + metsulfuron, pinoxaden + metsulfuron, sulfosulfuron + metsulfuron, pendimethalin fb sulfosulfuron and pendimethalin + metribuzin were recommended for effective weed management in wheat under mid hill conditions of Himachal Pradesh.

Evaluation of herbicide combinations for controlling complex weed flora in wheat

Wheat (Triticum aestivum. L.) is the most widely cultivated as staple food crop of world playing crucial role in global food security by providing food to billions of people and half of the dietary protein and more than half of the calories (Meena et al. 2017). It is the second important food crop consumed next to rice and contributes to the extent of 25% of total food grain production of country.

Weed management in wheat by pre-emergence and pre-mix post-emergence combinations of herbicides

A field investigation was carried out during the winter season of 2011–12 and 2012–13 at Karnal, to evaluate the effect of different grass and broad-leaf herbicides as sole and their tankmix application on weed control in wheat [Triticum aestivum (L.) emend. Fiori & Paol.]. Sole application of pinoxaden both at 50 and 75 g/ha and clodinafop (60 g/ha) were found to be effective only on grasses, whereas both carfentrazone (20 g/ha) and metsulfuron (4 g/ha) showed selectivity towards broad-leaf weeds. Sole application of pinoxaden, clodinafop, carfentrazone and metsulfuron recorded lower weed-control efficiency and higher weed index compared to tankmix application of pinoxaden and clodinafop with carfentrazone and metsulfuron. Both metsulfuron and carfentrazone were compatible with pinoxaden and clodinafop and there was no adverse effect on the efficacy of both the herbicides. Significantly the highest grain yield of 5.16 and 5.00 t/ha was recorded with tankmix pinoxaden + carfentrazone (50 + 20 g/ha) and clodinafop + carfentrazone (60 + 20 g/ha), which was at par with weed-free treatment. There was an increase of 13.6,16.7 and 21.1% in grain yield with pinoxaden + carfentrazone compared to sole application of clodinafop (60 g/ha), pinoxaden, (50 g/ha) and carfentrazone (20 g/ha) respectively. Uncontrolled weeds caused an average reduction of 36.8% in wheat grain yield. Maximum net returns and benefit: cost ratio (29.2 × 103/ha and 0.90) were recorded with pinoxaden + carfentrazone followed by clodinafop + carfentrazone (27.8 × 103/ha, 0.85), respectively.

Bioefficacy of sole and tankmix of pinoxaden and clodinafop with carfentrazone and metsulfuron for control of complex weed flora in wheat (Triticum aestivum)

A field experiment was conducted during 2010–11 and 2011–12 to evaluate the efficacy of pinoxaden alone and in combination with other herbicides against complex weed flora in wheat. Pinoxaden 50 g/ha alone and as tank mixture with and before metsulfuron-methyl 4 g/ha, carfentrazone-ethyl 20 g/ha and 2,4-D 500 g/ha was compared to isoproturon + 2,4-D, clodinafop fb 2,4-D, weed free and weedy check for weed control and grain yield. Phalaris minor and Anagallis arvensis were the major weeds constituting 59.1 and 20.8% of the total weed population during 2010–11 and 67.6 and 16.9% during 2011–12, respectively. Avena ludovician, Lolium temulentum, Poa annua and Vicia sativa were the other important weeds found in association with wheat. Weeds reduced grain yield of wheat by 39.5%. Pinoxaden + metsulfuron-methyl (50 + 4 g/ha) and pinoxaden fb metsulfuron-methyl (50 fb 4 g/ha) were comparable to weed free treatment in reducing the density of Phalaris minor and Anagallis arvensis. Pinoxaden alone was not effective against broad-leaved weeds, while carfentrazone, metsulfuron-methyl and 2,4-D were not effective against grasses. Combined application of pinoxaden with metsulfuron-methyl/carfentrazone (as tank mixed or as followed by) resulted in significantly lower total weed density and weed biomass. Combined application of pinoxaden with metsulfuron-methyl, carfentrazone and 2,4-D resulted in significantly higher tillers, grains/spike and 1000-seed weight and grain yield as comparable to in weed free.

Combination of pinoxaden with other herbicides against complex weed flora in wheat

Pinoxaden 50 g/ha alone and as tank mixture with and before metsulfuron-methyl 4 g/ha, carfentrazone ethyl 20 g/ha and 2, 4-D 500 g/ha was compared to isoproturon + 2, 4-D, clodinafop fb 2, 4-D, weed free and weedy check for nutrient depletion by weeds and wheat. Phalaris minor and Anagallis arvensis were the major weeds constituting 60.8 and 21.4% of total weed population, respectively. Pinoxaden fb metsulfuron-methyl (50 fb 4 g/ha) remaining at par with pinoxaden + metsulfuron-methyl (50 + 4 g/ha) and pinoxaden + 2, 4-D (50 + 500 g/ha) resulted in significantly lower total weed dry weight over rest of the herbicidal treatments. Pinoxaden + metsulfuron-methyl (50 + 4 g/ha) and pinoxaden fb metsulfuronmethyl (50 fb 4 g/ha) were as effective as weed free in reducing N, P and K uptake by weeds. Weeds in weedy check removed 37.4 kg/ha N, 6.9 kg/ha P and 46.8 kg/ha K. Weed free remaining at par with pinoxaden + metsulfuron-methyl (50 + 4 g/ha), pinoxaden fb metsulfuron-methyl (50 fb 4 g/ha) and pinoxaden fb 2, 4-D (50 fb 500 g/ha) resulted in significantly higher wheat dry matter accumulation over rest of the treatments. Weed free gave highest grain yield. However, pinoxaden + metsulfuron-methyl (50 + 4 g/ha), pinoxaden (50 g/ha), pinoxaden + carfentrazone-ethyl (50 + 20 g/ha), pinoxaden fb metsulfuronmethyl (50 fb 4 g/ha), isoproturon + 2, 4-D (1250 + 500 g/ha), clodinafop fb 2, 4-D (60 fb 1000 g/ha), pinoxaden + 2, 4-D (50 + 500 g/ha), pinoxaden fb carfentrazone-ethyl (50 fb 20 g/ha) and pinoxaden fb 2, 4-D (50 fb 500 g/ha) were as good as weed free.

Influence of pinoxaden in combination with other herbicides on nutrient depletion by weeds in wheat

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Combination of pinoxaden with other herbicides against complex weed flora in wheat

Influence of pinoxaden in combination with other herbicides on nutrient depletion by weeds in wheat