Background Endemic to the hospital environment, Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a leading bacterial pathogen that causes deadly infections such as bacteremia and endocarditis. In past viral pandemics, it has been the principal cause of secondary bacterial infections, significantly increasing patient mortality rates. Our world now combats the rapid spread of COVID-19, leading to a pandemic with a death toll greatly surpassing those of many past pandemics. However, the impact of co-infection with S. aureus remains unclear. Therefore, we aimed to perform a high-quality scoping review of the literature to synthesize the existing evidence on the clinical outcomes of COVID-19 and S. aureus co-infection. Methods A scoping review of the literature was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Ovid MEDLINE, CINAHL, ScienceDirect, medRxiv, and the WHO COVID-19 database using a combination of terms. Articles that were in English, included patients infected with both COVID-19 and S. aureus, and provided a description of clinical outcomes for patients were eligible. From these articles, the following data were extracted: type of staphylococcal species, onset of co-infection, patient sex, age, symptoms, hospital interventions, and clinical outcomes. Quality assessments of final studies were also conducted using the Joanna Briggs Institute's critical appraisal tools. Results Searches generated a total of 1922 publications, and 28 articles were eligible for the final analysis. Of the 115 co-infected patients, there were a total of 71 deaths (61.7%) and 41 discharges (35.7%), with 62 patients (53.9%) requiring ICU admission. Patients were infected with methicillin-sensitive and methicillin-resistant strains of S. aureus, with the majority (76.5%) acquiring co-infection with S. aureus following hospital admission for COVID-19. Aside from antibiotics, the most commonly reported hospital interventions were intubation with mechanical ventilation (74.8 %), central venous catheter (19.1 %), and corticosteroids (13.0 %). Conclusions Given the mortality rates reported thus far for patients co-infected with S. aureus and COVID-19, COVID-19 vaccination and outpatient treatment may be key initiatives for reducing hospital admission and S. aureus co-infection risk. Physician vigilance is recommended during COVID-19 interventions that may increase the risk of bacterial co-infection with pathogens, such as S. aureus, as the medical community's understanding of these infection processes continues to evolve.

/pdf/clinical-outcomes-in-patients-co-infected-with-covid-19-and-4882demumr.pdf

Clinical outcomes in patients co-infected with COVID-19 and Staphylococcus aureus: a scoping review.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has led to a global pandemic affecting 213 countries as of April 26, 2020. Although this disease is affecting all age groups, infants and children seem to be at a lower risk of severe infection, for reasons unknown at this time. We report a case of neonatal infection in New York, United States, and provide a review of the published cases. A 22-day-old, previously healthy, full-term neonate was hospitalized after presenting with a one-day history of fever and poor feeding. Routine neonatal sepsis evaluation was negative. SARS-CoV-2 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing was obtained, given rampant community transmission, which returned positive. There were no other laboratory or radiographic abnormalities. The infant recovered completely and was discharged home in two days once his feeding improved. The family was advised to self-quarantine to prevent the transmission of COVID-19. We believe that the mode of transmission was horizontal spread from his caregivers. This case highlights the milder presentation of COVID-19 in otherwise healthy, full-term neonates. COVID-19 must be considered in the evaluation of a febrile infant. Infants and children may play an important role in the transmission of COVID-19 in the community. Hence, with an understanding of the transmission patterns, parents and caregivers would be better equipped to limit the spread of the virus and protect the more vulnerable population.

Neonatal Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) Infection: A Case Report and Review of Literature

DoD COVID-19 Practice Management Guide: Clinical Management of COVID-19

Covid-19 in pregnant women and babies: What pediatricians need to know.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arcmed.2022.03.001

COVID-19 in Neonates with Positive RT–PCR Test. Systematic Review

The novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, has caused a global outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19), which began in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China, in December 2019, and it has rapidly spread to involve 170 countries and regions with 304 528 confirmed cases and 12 973 deaths as of March 21, 2020.1 The spectrum of clinical presentation is varied and nonspecific in adults ranging from mild flu-like illness to florid respiratory failure including acute respiratory distress syndrome.2 Recent data out of China have evaluated the epidemiology of children with COVID-19 and found that children of all ages are affected by the virus and tend to have a milder course of disease compared with adults, though there remains subpopulations of pediatric patients at higher risk for significant disease.2-4 Recognition of disease in this patient population remains critical in both management of disease and for quarantine to limit further transmission. This case report focuses on a 2-week-old male infant who presented to the pediatric emergency department with fever and fussiness. Globally, China has published 2 case reports of neonatal COVID-19 infection, and to the best of our knowledge, there has been no published case reports in the United States of COVID-19 in a patient as young as 2 weeks.5

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0009922820920014

SARS-CoV-2 Infection in a 2-Week-Old Male With Neutropenia.

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SARS-CoV-2 Infection in a 2-Week-Old Male With Neutropenia.