Cardiovascular Structural Adaptation; its Role in the Initiation and Maintenance of Primary Hypertension

https://physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1113/jphysiol.1943.sp004009

The effect of temperature on blood flow and deep temperature in the human forearm.

Marihuana smoking. Cardiovascular effects in man and possible mechanisms.

Orthostatic hypotension is characterized chiefly by a sharp decrease in blood pressure when a patient afflicted with it stands. The blood pressure is ordinarily normal when the patient lies. If the blood pressure decreases to a low level, weakness and syncope result. Other relevant signs or symptoms are deficient sweating, either localized or generalized, secretion of larger amounts of urine when the patient is recumbent than when he is erect and in some cases a failure of the pulse rate to increase markedly when the patient assumes the erect posture. Orthostatic hypotension should be suspected whenever a patient has exhaustion in the morning which lessens during the day, whenever weakness, dimness of vision or syncope occurs on assumption of the erect posture and disappears on lying down, whenever episodes of syncope are inadequately explained and whenever there is diminished sweating. This condition has been considered by some to be the

Orthostatic hypotension and orthostatic tachycardia: treatment with the head-up bed

To find whether the vasodilator capacity of nonacral skin is reduced in hypertension, we measured forearm blood flow by venous occlusion plethysmography in 10 seated normotensive (mean +/- SD mean arterial pressure, 94 +/- 5 mm Hg) and 10 hypertensive (112 +/- 9 mm Hg) men at rest for 39 minutes while the forearm was heated with water at 42 degrees C, a maneuver known to selectively and maximally vasodilate skin. Blood pressure, measured every 5 minutes, did not change with heating. We found that in the normotensive group resting forearm blood flow was higher (3.64 +/- 1.12 versus 2.48 +/- 0.58 ml/100 ml tissue per minute, p less than 0.001; normotensive group versus hypertensive group) and resting forearm vascular resistance lower (30.17 +/- 10.99 versus 48.88 +/- 17.37 mm Hg.min.100 ml tissue per minute, p less than 0.05; normotensive group versus hypertensive group), and maximal forearm blood flow with local heating was higher (29.32 +/- 11.99 versus 18.19 +/- 4.50 ml/100 tissue per minute, p less than 0.018; normotensive group versus hypertensive group and vascular resistance lower (4.07 +/- 1.04 versus 6.54 +/- 1.17 mm Hg.min.100 ml tissue per minute, p less than 0.005; normotensive group versus hypertensive group). To find whether this degree and duration of local warming maximally vasodilated the skin in hypertensive subjects (as it does in normotensive subjects), we measured forearm skin blood flow before and during local heating plus 10 minutes of ischemia using a laser Doppler flowmeter.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Resting and maximal forearm skin blood flows are reduced in hypertension.

/pdf/blood-flow-and-vasomotor-reactions-in-the-hand-forearm-foot-111ak5pzdo.pdf

Blood flow and vasomotor reactions in the hand, forearm, foot, and calf in response to physical and chemical stimuli

The nature of the arteriolar resistance and its distribution in the body remain the fundamental problem in the study of arterial hypertension in man. Since the cardiac output is normal in this state (1), the \" average arteriolar resistance \" at rest must be increased. The extent to which the peripheral resistance is increased in various tissues can be determined by comparing the blood flow in the different tissues in both normal and hypertensive subjects under similar conditions. If in arterial hypertension the peripheral resistance in any one part is not increased, the blood flow in that part will be greater than in normal subjects. Since the cardiac output at rest is normal in arterial hypertension, the \"average tissue blood flow \" must also be normal. This has been confirmed by the demonstration that in hypertensive subjects the blood flow is normal in the hand and forearm (2, 3). While it is of interest to gather further information on the \" resting \" blood flow in other organs in normal and hypertensive subjects , it is of particular importance to ascertain whether the increased peripheral resistance in arterial hypertension can be lowered to a normal level in any one organ by potent vasodilating stimuli. If the increased peripheral resistance which exists at rest in arterial hypertension can be lowered to normal in any one organ, as manifested by a faster blood flow than is present in that organ in normal subjects under similar conditions , then the increased peripheral resistance at rest is the result of functional vasoconstric-tion, and is not the result of permanent, irreversible structural changes in the vessels. If the increased peripheral resistance present in arterial hypertension, however, cannot be reduced to normal by powerful vasodilating stimuli, as indicated by the finding of the same blood flow in the tissues of both normal and hypertensive subjects when the vessels are maximally dilated, then there are at least two obvious explanations: The chemical or other factors, which cause the vasoconstric-tion and the increased peripheral resistance, remain active in the presence of the various physiological stimuli applied and prevent the vessels from dilating as widely as normally; or the increased peripheral resistance is the result of permanent structural changes and, therefore, the vessels cannot dilate as widely as normally. Other investigators have shown that the increased peripheral resistance, which is present in the usual types of clinical arterial hypertension, …

/pdf/nature-of-peripheral-resistance-in-arterial-hypertension-41p1fzp1j0.pdf

Nature of peripheral resistance in arterial hypertension.

/pdf/blood-flow-and-vasomotor-reactions-in-the-foot-in-health-in-8wmjn7zmk0.pdf

Blood flow and vasomotor reactions in the foot in health, in arteriosclerosis, and in thrombo-angiitis obliterans

/pdf/a-plethysmographic-method-for-the-quantitative-measurement-n9apy3jkji.pdf

A plethysmographic method for the quantitative measurement of the blood flow in the foot.

/pdf/mechanism-of-the-arterial-hypertension-induced-by-paredrinol-4cu5thiyre.pdf

MECHANISM OF THE ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION INDUCED BY PAREDRINOL (α-N-DIMETHYL-p-HYDROXYPHENETHYLAMINE

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