ContextEvidence consistently indicates that depression has adversely affected
work productivity. Estimates of the cost impact in lost labor time in the
US workforce, however, are scarce and dated.ObjectiveTo estimate the impact of depression on labor costs (ie, work absence
and reduced performance while at work) in the US workforce.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsAll employed individuals who participated in the American Productivity
Audit (conducted August 1, 2001–July 31, 2002) between May 20 and July
11, 2002, were eligible for the Depressive Disorders Study. Those who responded
affirmatively to 2 depression-screening questions (n = 692), as well as a
1:4 stratified random sample of those responding in the negative (n = 435),
were recruited for and completed a supplemental interview using the Primary
Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders Mood Module for depression, the Somatic
Symptom Inventory, and a medical and treatment history for depression. Excess
lost productive time (LPT) costs from depression were derived as the difference
in LPT among individuals with depression minus the expected LPT in the absence
of depression projected to the US workforce.Main Outcome MeasureEstimated LPT and associated labor costs (work absence and reduced performance
while at work) due to depression.ResultsWorkers with depression reported significantly more total health-related
LPT than those without depression (mean, 5.6 h/wk vs an expected 1.5 h/wk,
respectively). Eighty-one percent of the LPT costs are explained by reduced
performance while at work. Major depression accounts for 48% of the LPT among
those with depression, again with a majority of the cost explained by reduced
performance while at work. Self-reported use of antidepressants in the previous
12 months among those with depression was low (<30%) and the mean reported
treatment effectiveness was only moderate. Extrapolation of these survey results
and self-reported annual incomes to the population of US workers suggests
that US workers with depression employed in the previous week cost employers
an estimated $44 billion per year in LPT, an excess of $31 billion per year
compared with peers without depression. This estimate does not include labor
costs associated with short- and long-term disability.ConclusionsA majority of the LPT costs that employers face from employee depression
is invisible and explained by reduced performance while at work. Use of treatments
for depression appears to be relatively low. The combined LPT burden among
those with depression and the low level of treatment suggests that there may
be cost-effective opportunities for improving depression-related outcomes
in the US workforce.

https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/articlepdf/196767/joc30290.pdf

Cost of lost productive work time among US workers with depression.

Evidence about the total cost of health, absence, short-term disability, and productivity losses was synthesized for 10 health conditions. Cost estimates from a large medical/absence database were combined with findings from several published productivity surveys. Ranges of condition prevalence and associated absenteeism and presenteeism (on-the-job-productivity) losses were used to estimate condition-related costs. Based on average impairment and prevalence estimates, the overall economic burden of illness was highest for hypertension ($392 per eligible employee per year), heart disease ($368), depression and other mental illnesses ($348), and arthritis ($327). Presenteeism costs were higher than medical costs in most cases, and represented 18% to 60% of all costs for the 10 conditions. Caution is advised when interpreting any particular source of data, and the need for standardization in future research is noted.

/pdf/health-absence-disability-and-presenteeism-cost-estimates-of-54br5s3wmi.pdf

Health, absence, disability, and presenteeism cost estimates of certain physical and mental health conditions affecting U.S. employers.

The journal of mental health policy and economics

This report describes the World Health Organization Health and Work Performance Questionnaire (HPQ), a self-report instrument designed to estimate the workplace costs of health problems in terms of reduced job performance, sickness absence, and work-related accidents-injuries. Calibration data are presented on the relationship between individual-level HPQ reports and archival measures of work performance and absenteeism obtained from employer archives in four groups: airline reservation agents (n = 441), customer service representatives (n = 505), automobile company executives (n = 554), and railroad engineers (n = 850). Good concordance is found between the HPQ and the archival measures in all four occupations. The paper closes with a brief discussion of the calibration methodology used to monetize HPQ reports and of future directions in substantive research based on the HPQ.

The World Health Organization Health and Work Performance Questionnaire (HPQ).

Barriers to help-seeking by men: a review of sociocultural and clinical literature with particular reference to depression

We analyzed data from two national surveys to estimate the short-term work disability associated with thirty-day major depression. Depressed workers were found to have between 1.5 and 3.2 more short-term work-disability days in a thirty-day period than other workers had, with a salary-equivalent productivity loss averaging between $182 and $395. These workplace costs are nearly as large as the direct costs of successful depression treatment, which suggests that encouraging depressed workers to obtain treatment might be cost-effective for some employers.

Depression In The Workplace: Effects On Short-Term Disability

Decision Making in a World of Comparative Effectiveness Research

Although previous studies have attempted to isolate the effect of pharmaceutical spending on health outcomes, most have been limited by analysis of inherently heterogeneous inter-country data. This study focuses on one particular health outcome — infant mortality at the state level in the U.S. — and shows that its important determinants include: (1) pharmaceutical expenditures; (2) health economic infrastructure (e.g. number of practicing physicians, number of hospital beds); (3) socio-demographics (e.g. teenage birth rate, low-weight births, high school graduation rate, racial composition of state population); and (4) state-level economic aggregates (e.g. a disposable income, percent of population below the poverty line).

Pharmaceutical spending and health outcomes in the united states

The Economic Burden of Depression: Societal and Patient Perspectives

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Papers

Depression In The Workplace: Effects On Short-Term Disability

Decision Making in a World of Comparative Effectiveness Research

Pharmaceutical spending and health outcomes in the united states

The Economic Burden of Depression: Societal and Patient Perspectives