Social Psychology of Organizations

What makes organizations so similar? We contend that the engine of rationalization and bureaucratization has moved from the competitive marketplace to the state and the professions. Once a set of organizations emerges as a field, a paradox arises: rational actors make their organizations increasingly similar as they try to change them. We describe three isomorphic processes-coercive, mimetic, and normative—leading to this outcome. We then specify hypotheses about the impact of resource centralization and dependency, goal ambiguity and technical uncertainty, and professionalization and structuration on isomorphic change. Finally, we suggest implications for theories of organizations and social change.

The iron cage revisited: Institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields (Chinese Translation)

The concentrations, bioavailability, distribution, and sources of heavy metals in soils of a typical region from coal industrial city of Tangshan, North China, were investigated. A total of 240 surface (0–20 cm) and sub-surface (20-40 cm) soil samples were collected and analyzed for the heavy metals of mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), arsenic (As), and nickel (Ni). The concentrations of these metals were lower than the national guideline values. However, accumulation of Zn, Pb, Cd, Hg, and Cu in the surface soils, and Zn, Cu, Cd, and Hg in the sub-surface soils was observed compared with their background values. The pollution indices of geo-accumulation (Igeo) and contamination factor (CF) showed that most soil samples were slightly to moderately polluted by Hg and Cd. Cd and Hg had the higher percentages (1.16–46.8%) in the water-soluble and exchangeable fractions and were considered potentially bioavailable and risky to the ecosystem. A combination of spatial analysis, principal component analysis (PCA), and positive matrix factorization (PMF) model was used to assess the sources of heavy metals. Anthropogenic sources contributed to 80.2% of the heavy metal concentrations in soils, indicating the great influence on soil heavy metal accumulation. Coal-related industrial activities, sewage irrigation and the application of agrochemicals, and vehicle emission were the possible anthropogenic sources of heavy metals.

Levels, sources, and spatial distribution of heavy metals in soils from a typical coal industrial city of Tangshan, China

Social entrepreneurship plays an important role in the recovery of areas struck by natural disasters However, extant research has overlooked the importance of post-disaster social entrepreneurship

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/14719037.2020.1775282

Social entrepreneurship in the context of disaster recovery: Organizing for public value creation

NGOs and Political Change: A History of the Australian Council for International Development

Cross-sector interactions have long occurred in the public delivery of goods, services, and interests. While scholars have often addressed cross-sector interactions using the dimensions of publicness (state) and privateness (market), an intersectoral framework necessitates the understanding and incorporation of nonprofitness to account for the dimensions of nonprofits along the public-private continuum. This article proposes a framework for identifying the dimensions of nonprofits in an intersectoral world and draws on relevant examples to illustrate the presence and influence of nonprofitness. The article then focuses on the future of education in the field of public administration and, in light of the proposed framework, makes and considers recommendations to help educational programs better equip students to appreciate work across sectors.

/pdf/an-integrated-framework-for-intersectorality-nonprofitness-1vqr6gme4x.pdf

An Integrated Framework for Intersectorality: Nonprofitness and Its Influence on Society and Public Administration Programs

Philanthropic organizations contribute to important work that solves complex problems to strengthen communities. Many of these organizations are moving toward engaging in public policy work, in addition to funding programs. This paper raises questions of legitimacy for foundations, as well as issues of transparency and accountability in a pluralistic democracy. Measures of civic health also inform how philanthropic organizations can be accountable to stakeholders. We propose a holistic model for philanthropic accountability that combines elements of transparency and performance accountability, as well as practices associated with the American pluralistic model for democratic accountability. We argue that philanthropic institutions should seek stakeholder and public input when shaping any public policy agenda. This paper suggests a new paradigm, called philanthropic accountability that can be used for legitimacy and democratic governance of private foundations engaged in policy work. The Philanthropic Accountability Model can be empirically tested and used as a governance tool.

Questioning Stakeholder Legitimacy: A Philanthropic Accountability Model.

Tangshan—China's one time industrial pioneer striving for ecological excellence

https://repository.asu.edu/attachments/56810/content/kraeger_asu_0010e_10769.pdf

NGO Mission Success: The Field Office Perspective

ABSTRACT Institutional Philanthropy has the opportunity to rethink its role and build trust and deeply engage with communities beyond grantmaking in minority communities in the United States. The global pandemic highlights inequalities in the United States from health inequality to social inequalities. Institutional philanthropy can focus on doing more than giving money; organization leaders and program staff can deliberately engage and listen to communities and the public to drive systems change. This commentary examines the role of philanthropic foundations and philanthropic support organizations regarding advocacy, public policy and community listening when philanthropy has been asked to step up to deliver increased funding given the increases in COVID-19 cases and deaths in minority communities in light of the toll the pandemic has taken on minority communities, the unjust death of George Floyd and others and the Black Lives Matters movement. Philanthropic foundation leaders are faced with “the fierce urgency of now” to change organizational behavior from the relational to meaningful community engagement and social cohesion.

Shifting philanthropic engagement: moving from funding to deliberation in the eras of the COVID -19 global pandemic and black lives matter

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