https://academic.oup.com/biolinnean/article-pdf/134/4/775/41172754/blab110.pdf

Avoiding rather than resisting herbivore attacks is often the first line of plant defence

Spinescent patterns in the flora of Jiaozi Snow Mountain, Southwestern China.

Several types of defensive Batesian mimicry seem to be much more common in plants than was historically and is currently considered. It is based either on visual aspects (shape, coloration, and even movement), on odors, and on combinations of both these sensing modalities. Various characters that seem to function as defensive Batesian mimicry, may also simultaneously take part in pollination, physiological functions, or in other defensive mechanisms. The defended models for the visual Batesian mimics in plants belong to several categories: (1) spiny, thorny and prickly plant species, (2) mechanically or chemically defended parts of the same individual plant, or other members of the same species (auto mimicry), (3) colorful and chemically defended plants, (4) dangerous animals (aggressive, toxic), (5) fungal attacks, (6) animal action and animal damage cues, and (7) oozing defensive white latex. Olfactory defended models include: (1) toxic plants, (2) animal alarm pheromones, and (3) animal carrion and feces odors. Many more descriptive, genetic, phylogenetic and experimental studies have to be done in order to better understand the role of defensive Batesian mimicry in plant biology.

Defensive (anti-herbivory) Batesian mimicry in plants

Thank you very much for downloading plant environment interactions from sensory plant biology to active plant behavior. As you may know, people have look numerous times for their favorite novels like this plant environment interactions from sensory plant biology to active plant behavior, but end up in infectious downloads. Rather than reading a good book with a cup of tea in the afternoon, instead they juggled with some harmful bugs inside their computer.

Plant Environment Interactions From Sensory Plant Biology To Active Plant Behavior

Auditory signaling including aposematism characterizes many terrestrial animals. Auditory aposematism by which certain animals use auditory aposematic signals to fend off enemies is well known for instance in rattlesnakes. Auditory signaling by plants toward animals and other plants is an emerging area of plant biology that still suffers from limited amount of solid data. Here I propose that auditory aposematism operates in the African whistling thorn acacia (Acacia drepanolobium = Vachellia drepanolobium). In this tree, the large and hollow thorn bases whistle when wind blows. This type of aposematism compliments the well-known conspicuous thorn and mutualistic ant based aposematism during day and may operate during night when the conspicuous thorns are invisible.

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/15592324.2016.1207035

Does the whistling thorn acacia (Acacia drepanolobium) use auditory aposematism to deter mammalian herbivores

Pseudo-galls of three East African acacia (Vachellia) species were compared to determine the correlates of gall colour and their potential defensive functions. Although all three species produce white thorns, the pseudo-galls of V. gerrardii and V. drepanolobium are dark coloured. In contrast, pseudo-galls of V. seyal var. fistula are white. Associated with this, they are thin-walled and poorly used by aggressive mutualistic ants. We suggest that this weak functionality is compensated for by the highly visible white colour. This aposematism may also involve mimicry as only the fistula variety of V. seyal has galls and only this variety co-occurs with other Vachellia species that have functional galls. Vachellia seyal seyal does not have pseudo-galls and this variety does not occur with other Vachellia species that have pseudo-galls.

/pdf/further-evidence-that-in-african-acacia-white-is-a-warning-4gw43c8raa.pdf

Further evidence that in African acacia, white is a warning colour to herbivores: the white pseudo-galls of Vachellia seyal

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Further evidence that in African acacia, white is a warning colour to herbivores: the white pseudo-galls of Vachellia seyal