Despite the high value of the global chocolate market and the high profitability of the few multinational companies dominating it, the farmers growing cocoa beans remain poor. To change this, the two biggest cocoa producers, Côte d’Ivoire and Ghana, have jointly introduced the cocoa Living Income Differential (LID) policy. Charging higher prices for beans, the policy might help mitigate both poverty and the serious child labour and deforestation issues associated with cocoa farming, for which poverty is regarded as a root cause. Nevertheless, the design of the policy and the current lack of complementary measures raise doubts about the success and longevity of the policy and concerns about the implications for farmers in other countries. Accounting for the repercussions with international cocoa markets, this study quantifies the magnitude of the policy’s effects in the LID countries and elsewhere under several alternative configurations of policies and market reactions with the support of model simulations and finds increases in farmer income ranging from zero to sizeable. Discussing the policy’s potential impacts in the past and present context of the cocoa industry, it identifies a number of issues threatening its sustainability. Moreover, it underlines the strong dependence of the policy’s success on chocolate manufacturers’ support unless complemented by supply management measures. Such measures could limit the aggravation of, or even improve, the income situation for farmers elsewhere and the child labour and deforestation issues. 

Earn a living? What the Côte d’Ivoire–Ghana cocoa living income differential might deliver on its promise

Cocoa quality: chemical relationship of cocoa beans and liquors in origin identitation

Properly designed agroforestry systems (AFS) can generate optimal cocoa bean (BC) yields, produce co-products and provide ecosystem services. This study analyzes the interactions between climate, AFS structure and BC yield in six climatic zones across three natural regions of Colombia. A total of 305 plots of 1,000 m2 each were established in 132 farms where the cocoa-AFS structure, BC yield and climatic variables were determined. Five typologies of cocoa-AFS were obtained based on the characteristics of the shade canopy and the abundance of cocoa trees: “Highly diversified multistratum with high biomass” (HDMHB), “Diversified multistratum with high shade and abundance of Musaceae (DMHSM),” “Diversified multistratum with high abundance of cocoa trees (DMHDC),” “Diversified monostratum with low shade (DMLS)” and “monostratum with minimal shade (MMS).” In the departments of Huila and Caquetá, Andean and Amazonia regions, respectively, the HDMHB typology predominated, while in Meta, the Orinoquia region, it was MMS. In the temperate-humid zone, the DMHDC and DMHSM typologies were not found. A high floristic diversity of the shade canopy was found: 229 species; Caquetá registered the highest number (152). The most frequent canopy companion species were Musa paradisiaca, Cariniana pyriformis, Cedrela odorata, Psidium guajava, Musa sapientum, and Cordia alliodora. The highest abundance of cocoa trees occurs in areas with lower temperature and relative humidity and in AFS with lower abundance of fruit and timber trees. Zones with higher temperature and lower precipitation had higher abundance of timber species (r = 0.23). The BC yield is higher in areas with higher precipitation and is related to the lower abundance of individuals of timber and fruit species, and to the higher abundance of Fabaceae. The BC yield depends on the typology (p < 0.0001) of the cacao systems and was higher in DMHDC (1,148 kg ha−1 yr.−1). These results are key for the design of cocoa-AFS farms that maximize the integral production of BC, co-products and ecosystem services, approaching sustainable cocoa farming.

Interactions between climate, shade canopy characteristics and cocoa production in Colombia

Biodiversity may be positively related to crop yield, but the mechanisms by which such effects are realized are as yet poorly understood. Reduced pest incidence may be one cause. To better predict the quality and strength of biodiversity effects in cacao agroforestry systems and to disentangle potential drivers, we analyzed relationships of plant diversity with crop quantity (yield, fruit set, fruit size), pathogen incidence ( Moniliophthora perniciosa ,  Moniliophthora roreri ,  Phytophthora  spp.), and with the profile of selected secondary compounds (methylxanthines and polyphenols) in seeds of 48 cacao trees cultivated on 14 farms in Peruvian Amazonia. Our results revealed no correlation of yield per hectare or total fruit set with plant alpha diversity measures on the studied cacao farms. However, the number and size of ripe fruits without fungal infestation increased at higher diversity of the herb and shrub layer and at lower diversity and smaller basal area of shade trees. Greater diversity in the herb and shrub layer reduced the incidence of the  Phytophthora  pathogen but increased the incidence of  M. roreri . At higher alpha diversity in the understory, contents of caffeine, theobromine, and catechin hydrate in cacao seeds significantly increased. The changes in plant secondary compounds showed inconsistent relations with the infestation rates of fungal pathogens. While trees infested with  M. perniciosa  showed higher contents of polyphenols and caffeine in seeds, cacao trees with higher caffeine content in seeds were less likely to be affected by  Phytophthora . Similarly, a higher epicatechin content in seeds was associated with reduced  M. roreri  incidence. Our data provide evidence for a tight interplay of biodiversity, pathogen incidence, and the crop⿿s secondary metabolism on cacao farms. Overall, considering biochemical traits in yield-diversity relationships allowed for a better understanding of the contribution of biotic interactions to biodiversity effects in tropical agroforestry systems. Keywords Agroforestry Biodiversity CCN-51 Phytophthora Polyphenol Theobroma cacao

Plant diversity effects on crop yield, pathogen incidence, and secondary metabolism on cacao farms in Peruvian Amazonia

The successful adaptation of cocoa clones from Sulawesi in Lampung Province, especially since the release of the MCC clone in 2015, has increased farmers' interest in rehabilitating cocoa plantations, carrying out cloning and replanting using these superior clones. This study aims to study the structure of young cocoa agroforestry vegetation and farmer income in Air Naningan District, Tanggamus Regency.The research was conducted using a survey method. The sample agroforestry gardens selected purposively as models were young agroforests with complex vegetation structures and agroforests with simple vegetation structures. The results of this study indicate that the rehabilitated young cocoa-based agroforestry vegetation structure is affected by the previous tree stands. In addition, the vegetation is dominated by banana plants as productive shade so that the main crops are cocoa and bananas. In complex agroforestry systems, more types of associated crops are found than in simple agroforestry systems. Important structures as characteristics of young cocoa agroforestry are young interplanting which will later become the main crops, namely cocoa, coffee and avocado. In addition, in complex agroforestry types, tree structures with stump sprouts (regrowth trees) are found which are often pruned as goat fodder. In both types of agroforestry, various types of understorey crops were found from the food crop group, vegetables, fruit, and spices. Weekly revenue for rehabilitated cocoa-based agroforestry come from cocoa and banana yields. Palm sugar (Arenga pinnata) production is an important source of daily revenue for agroforestry farmers who manage palm trees. Key words : Agroforestry, Arenga, banana, cacao, coffee, rubber, rehabilitation, revenue, taro 

pdf/struktur-agroforestri-kakao-muda-dan-penerimaan-petani-di-4mpqaj0hjh.pdf

Struktur Agroforestri Kakao Muda dan Penerimaan Petani di Desa Sidomulyo Kecamatan Air Naningan, Tanggamus

Cocoa farmers must decide on whether to rehabilitate (Rh) or to renovate (Re) a cocoa orchard when its productivity declines due to ageing, disease outbreaks or other causes. Deciding on Rh/Re is often a complex, expensive and conflictive process. In this review, we (1) explore the diversity of contexts, driving forces, stakeholders and recommended management practices involved in Rh/Re initiatives in key cocoa-producing countries; (2) summarise the often conflicting views of farmers and extension agents on Rh/Re programmes; (3) review the evidence of age-related changes in planting density and yield of cocoa, given the weight of these variables in Rh/Re decision processes; (4) describe the best known Rh/Re systems and their most common management practices; (5) propose an agroforestry Re approach that overcomes the limitation of current Rh/Re diagnosis protocols, which do not consider the regular flow of food crop and tree products , and the need to restore site soil quality to sustain another cycle of cultivation of cocoa at the same site; and (6) explore the effects of climate change considerations on Rh/Re decision-making and implementation processes. Each Rh/Re decision-making process is unique and highly context-dependent (household and farm, soil, climate, culture). Tailored solutions are needed for each farmer and context. The analysis, concepts and models presented for cocoa in this paper may also apply to coffee orchards.

/pdf/rehabilitation-and-renovation-of-cocoa-theobroma-cacao-l-hpikjizinr.pdf

Rehabilitation and renovation of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) agroforestry systems. A review

Handle everyday research tasks with reliable, citation-backed results

Your personal Research Agent to handle research tasks with citation-backed results

Popular Tasks used by Researchers

How can I help with your research?

Meet SciSpace

Get more enhanced response by uploading the PDFs you want me to reference.

No relevant PDFs in your library

SciSpace is the AI research assistant for academics. Run systematic literature reviews on 280M+ papers, and write papers with cited sources. Trusted by 1M+ students, PhDs & researchers.

SciSpace | AI for Research

Analyze PDFs

Code & Manuscripts

Funding & Grants

Literature & Patents

Medical & Clinical Data

Systematic Review

Visualize & Present

Web & Data

Build a Google Scholar-like website for your research.

Build a website

Create charts and images for your research

Create a Chart

Write a paper for submission to a journal

Draft a manuscript

Patent Search

Design eye-catching scientific posters in minutes.

Scientific Poster Generation

Systematic Literature Review

One task is running at the moment. Your messages will be shown right after.

Drag and drop or click here to browse

Loved by <highlight>1 million+</highlight> researchers

Extract a list of specific topics and their sources from unstructured text

Topics

Compare and analyze relevant papers that matches with your search

Papers

Get insights from PDFs and bookmarked papers from your library

My library

Recent searches

Try searching for:

Catch AI-generated content in scholarly and non-scholarly content

{ai} Detector

Ai Writer

Get PDF Summaries, highlighted text explanations 

Chat with PDF

Effortlessly create in-text citations and bibliographies in APA and 2,500 other formats

Citation generator

Get explanations, summaries, and answers on academic papers

Ease up your research workflow with {scispace}'s cohort of exciting AI tools

Elevate your academic writing skills and convey your ideas the way you want

Paraphraser

Explore our range of reading and writing tools

Your file is being prepared and should be ready in a few minutes. If it's a large file, it might take a bit longer. You can close this window, and we'll email you the file when it's done.

You have reached a maximum limit of <strong>{limit}</strong> columns in the table. Remove at least <strong>1</strong> column to add or create another one.

Patrick Jagoret

Author Tools

Chat about Author

Papers

Rehabilitation and renovation of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) agroforestry systems. A review