Ascending projections from the dorsal raphe nucleus (DR) were examined in the rat by using the anterograde anatomical tracer, Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L). The majority of labeled fibers from the DR ascended through the forebrain within the medial forebrain bundle. DR fibers were found to terminate heavily in several subcortical as well as cortical sites. The following subcortical nuclei receive dense projections from the DR: ventral regions of the midbrain central gray including the 'supraoculomotor central gray' region, the ventral tegmental area, the substantia nigra-pars compacta, midline and intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus including the posterior paraventricular, the parafascicular, reuniens, rhomboid, intermediodorsal/mediodorsal, and central medial thalamic nuclei, the central, lateral and basolateral nuclei of the amygdala, posteromedial regions of the striatum, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, the lateral septal nucleus, the lateral preoptic area, the substantia innominata, the magnocellular preoptic nucleus, the endopiriform nucleus, and the ventral pallidum. The following subcortical nuclei receive moderately dense projections from the DR: the median raphe nucleus, the midbrain reticular formation, the cuneiform/pedunculopontine tegmental area, the retrorubral nucleus, the supramammillary nucleus, the lateral hypothalamus, the paracentral and central lateral intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus, the globus pallidus, the medial preoptic area, the vertical and horizontal limbs of the diagonal band nuclei, the claustrum, the nucleus accumbens, and the olfactory tubercle. The piriform, insular and frontal cortices receive dense projections from the DR; the occipital, entorhinal, perirhinal, frontal orbital, anterior cingulate, and infralimbic cortices, as well as the hippocampal formation, receive moderately dense projections from the DR. Some notable differences were observed in projections from the caudal DR and the rostral DR. For example, the hippocampal formation receives moderately dense projections from the caudal DR and essentially none from the rostral DR. On the other hand, virtually all neocortical regions receive significantly denser projections from the rostral than from the caudal DR. The present results demonstrate that dorsal raphe fibers project significantly throughout widespread regions of the midbrain and forebrain.

A PHA-L analysis of ascending projections of the dorsal raphe nucleus in the rat.

Laboratory techniques in rabies , Laboratory techniques in rabies , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی

/pdf/laboratory-techniques-in-rabies-52uy7xgf4i.pdf

Laboratory Techniques in Rabies

Laboratory techniques in rabies , Laboratory techniques in rabies , کتابخانه مرکزی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران

Laboratory techniques in rabies

It is a common belief that we are more susceptible to infections when deprived of sleep. Consistent with this, there is increasing evidence that sleep deprivation has detrimental effects on the immune response, indicating that sleep should be considered a vital part of the immune system and that there is a reciprocal relationship between sleep and immunity. This relationship is important because, over recent decades, there has been a documented decrease in the mean duration and quality of sleep in the population. The concept that lack of sleep might be compromising immunity in the population has far-reaching public-health implications for both individuals and society.

Sick and tired: does sleep have a vital role in the immune system?

Sleep Health: Reciprocal Regulation of Sleep and Innate Immunity

Electrophysiological and sleep alterations in experimental mouse rabies

Sleep alterations in experimental street rabies virus infection occur in the absence of major EEG abnormalities.

Sleep abnormalities with REM disorder in experimental Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in cats: a new pathological feature.

Rabies virus is a highly neurotropic agents which invades the central nervous system (CNS) via the anterograde axonal transport. The infection is accompanied by a weak cytopathic effect but induces severe neural dysfunctions. However, the mechanisms that underly rabies pathogenesis are still poorly understood. One of the main features of rabies pathogenesis to be investigated was the central inflammatory reaction and its role in the neural and immune dysfunctions observed during rabies infection. Thus, the present paper will focus on the central nervous system (CNS) inflammation process that follows rabies virus infection, using a mouse model of infection with fixed pathogenic or non-pathogenic rabies virus strains, with emphasis on the effect of different immunosuppressive agents on the course of infection.

Modulation of brain inflammation during rabies infection by immunossuppressive treatments: ionizing radiation, cyclosporine and cyclophosphamide

Investigations of the pathogenesis of rabies virus infection have been focused toward four main topics: 

1

Recognition of the viral molecular structures involved in the expression of pathogenesis Arginine at position 333 of the virus glycoprotein was reported to be essential for the lethality of rabies virus (Dietzschold et al, 1983)




2

The role of the immune response to rabies infection: humoral, cellular, and interferon In addition to their protective effects, the different arms of the immune response may also induce immunopathological processes such as the early death phenomenon (Blancou et al, 1980) or the occurrence of paralytic symptoms (Guillon and Tsiang, 1980; Smith et al, 1982)




3

The accessibility of rabies virus to its target at the organ, cellular, and molecular levels has recently been studied Cellular infection has been shown to occur through the adsorptive endocytosis mechanism in fibroblasts as well as neurons (Superti et al, 1984a; Tsiang and Superti, 1984) The binding of rabies virus to cellular components (Wunner et al, 1984) such as lipids (Superti et al, 1984b) or gangliosides (Superti et al, 1986) may also be involved in the early steps of rabies virus infection




4

Since rabies virus infection is characterized by mild histopathological lesions and variable immunopathological reactions (Murphy, 1977), it has been postulated that neuronal alterations generated by rabies virus infection are involved in the processes of pathogenesis (Koschel and Halbach, 1979; Tsiang, 1982) In this study, we describe the dysfunction of neuronal activities by neuropharmacological and electrophysiological criteria These data are discussed with reference to the immune status of rabies-infected central nervous system

Rabies Impairment of Neural Functions by Neuropharmacological and Electrophysiological Criteria

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