The halogen bond occurs when there is evidence of a net attractive interaction between an electrophilic region associated with a halogen atom in a molecular entity and a nucleophilic region in another, or the same, molecular entity. In this fairly extensive review, after a brief history of the interaction, we will provide the reader with a snapshot of where the research on the halogen bond is now, and, perhaps, where it is going. The specific advantages brought up by a design based on the use of the halogen bond will be demonstrated in quite different fields spanning from material sciences to biomolecular recognition and drug design.

The Halogen Bond

Compounds Currently in Phase II−III Clinical Trials of Major Pharmaceutical Companies: New Structural Trends and Therapeutic Areas Yu Zhou,† Jiang Wang,† Zhanni Gu,† Shuni Wang,† Wei Zhu,† Jose ́ Luis Aceña,*,‡,§ Vadim A. Soloshonok,*,‡,∥ Kunisuke Izawa,* and Hong Liu*,† †Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China ‡Department of Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel Lardizab́al 3, 20018 San Sebastiań, Spain Department of Organic Chemistry, Autońoma University of Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, María Díaz de Haro 3, 48013 Bilbao, Spain Hamari Chemicals Ltd., 1-4-29 Kunijima, Higashi-Yodogawa-ku, Osaka, Japan 533-0024

Next Generation of Fluorine-Containing Pharmaceuticals, Compounds Currently in Phase II–III Clinical Trials of Major Pharmaceutical Companies: New Structural Trends and Therapeutic Areas

Over the past decade, the most significant, conceptual advances in the field of fluorination were enabled most prominently by organo- and transition-metal catalysis. The most challenging transformation remains the formation of the parent C-F bond, primarily as a consequence of the high hydration energy of fluoride, strong metal-fluorine bonds, and highly polarized bonds to fluorine. Most fluorination reactions still lack generality, predictability, and cost-efficiency. Despite all current limitations, modern fluorination methods have made fluorinated molecules more readily available than ever before and have begun to have an impact on research areas that do not require large amounts of material, such as drug discovery and positron emission tomography. This Review gives a brief summary of conventional fluorination reactions, including those reactions that introduce fluorinated functional groups, and focuses on modern developments in the field.

/pdf/introduction-of-fluorine-and-fluorine-containing-functional-1i8kwiad20.pdf

Introduction of Fluorine and Fluorine-Containing Functional Groups

C–H activation has surfaced as an increasingly powerful tool for molecular sciences, with notable applications to material sciences, crop protection, drug discovery, and pharmaceutical industries, among others. Despite major advances, the vast majority of these C–H functionalizations required precious 4d or 5d transition metal catalysts. Given the cost-effective and sustainable nature of earth-abundant first row transition metals, the development of less toxic, inexpensive 3d metal catalysts for C–H activation has gained considerable recent momentum as a significantly more environmentally-benign and economically-attractive alternative. Herein, we provide a comprehensive overview on first row transition metal catalysts for C–H activation until summer 2018.

3d Transition Metals for C-H Activation.

Visible-light photocatalysis has evolved over the last decade into a widely used method in organic synthesis. Photocatalytic variants have been reported for many important transformations, such as cross-coupling reactions, α-amino functionalizations, cycloadditions, ATRA reactions, or fluorinations. To help chemists select photocatalytic methods for their synthesis, we compare in this Review classical and photocatalytic procedures for selected classes of reactions and highlight their advantages and limitations. In many cases, the photocatalytic reactions proceed under milder reaction conditions, typically at room temperature, and stoichiometric reagents are replaced by simple oxidants or reductants, such as air, oxygen, or amines. Does visible-light photocatalysis make a difference in organic synthesis? The prospect of shuttling electrons back and forth to substrates and intermediates or to selectively transfer energy through a visible-light-absorbing photocatalyst holds the promise to improve current procedures in radical chemistry and to open up new avenues by accessing reactive species hitherto unknown, especially by merging photocatalysis with organo- or metal catalysis.

Visible-Light Photocatalysis: Does It Make a Difference in Organic Synthesis?

The direct, 100 % atom-economic, and selective synthesis of amines is a challeng- ing task that can be achieved, making use of early transition-metal catalysts. Here we report the synthesis and application of group 4 and 5 high-oxidation-state metal amidate complexes in catalytic C-N (hydroamination) and C-C (hydroaminoalkylation) bond-forming reactions to access substituted amines.

Catalytic synthesis of amines and N-containing heterocycles: Amidate complexes for selective C–N and C–C bond-forming reactions

Mild Electrophilic Trifluoromethylation of Carbon‐ and Sulfur‐Centered Nucleophiles by a Hypervalent Iodine(III)—CF3 Reagent.

The present invention provides Group 5 metal complexes useful for amine functionalization and synthetic process for manufacture thereof. Provided in this application are halo group 5 metal-amidate complexes having the structure of Formula I: I wherein: M is a group 5 metal, such as Ta, Nb or V; X is a halo substituent, such as CI, F, I or Br; n = 1 or 2,; s = 1 or 2; R1 and R2 are each independently H; a C1 - C25 substituted or unsubstituted, linear, branched or cyclic alkyl; or substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heterocyclic groups; R' is independently a C1 - C25 substituted or unsubstituted, linear, branched or cyclic alkyl; a substituted or unsubstituted aryl; a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group; or NR3 2; and each R3 is independently a C1 - C25 substituted or unsubstituted, linear, branched or cyclic alkyl; a substituted or unsubstituted aryl; or substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group, and a process for synthesis thereof. Also provided are the corresponding metallaaziridine complexes. The metal complex of Formula I, and the corresponding metallaaziridine complex are useful as a catalysts in ct-alkylation of secondary amines and, therefore, also provided are methods of using the metal complex of Formula I, and the corresponding metallaaziridine complex in o-alkylation of secondary amines. This application also provides methods of using the corresponding non-halo group 5 metal-amidate complexes and metallaaziridine complexes in a-alkylation of heterocycles.

Group 5 metal complexes useful for amine functionalization and synthetic process for manufacture thereof

Selective α-C−H activation results in the synthesis of the first bridging metallaaziridine complex for the catalytic α-alkylation of primary amines. Reaction development led to the preparation of n...

Selective C—H Activation α to Primary Amines. Bridging Metallaaziridines for Catalytic, Intramolecular α-Alkylation.

Tantalum catalyzed hydroaminoalkylation for the synthesis of α- and β-substituted N-heterocycles.

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