Although mobile, tablet, large display, and tabletop computers increasingly present opportunities for using pen, finger, and wand gestures in user interfaces, implementing gesture recognition largely has been the privilege of pattern matching experts, not user interface prototypers. Although some user interface libraries and toolkits offer gesture recognizers, such infrastructure is often unavailable in design-oriented environments like Flash, scripting environments like JavaScript, or brand new off-desktop prototyping environments. To enable novice programmers to incorporate gestures into their UI prototypes, we present a "$1 recognizer" that is easy, cheap, and usable almost anywhere in about 100 lines of code. In a study comparing our $1 recognizer, Dynamic Time Warping, and the Rubine classifier on user-supplied gestures, we found that $1 obtains over 97% accuracy with only 1 loaded template and 99% accuracy with 3+ loaded templates. These results were nearly identical to DTW and superior to Rubine. In addition, we found that medium-speed gestures, in which users balanced speed and accuracy, were recognized better than slow or fast gestures for all three recognizers. We also discuss the effect that the number of templates or training examples has on recognition, the score falloff along recognizers' N-best lists, and results for individual gestures. We include detailed pseudocode of the $1 recognizer to aid development, inspection, extension, and testing.

https://faculty.washington.edu/wobbrock/pubs/uist-07.01.pdf

Gestures without libraries, toolkits or training: a $1 recognizer for user interface prototypes

A user interface software tool helps developers design and implement the user interface. Research on past tools has had enormous impact on today's developers—virtually all applications today are built using some form of user interface tool. In this article, we consider cases of both success and failure in past user interface tools. From these cases we extract a set of themes which can serve as lessons for future work. Using these themes, past tools can be characterized by what aspects of the user interface they addressed, their threshold and ceiling, what path of least resistance they offer, how predictable they are to use, and whether they addressed a target that became irrelevant. We believe the lessons of these past themes are particularly important now, because increasingly rapid technological changes are likely to significantly change user interfaces. We are at the dawn of an era where user interfaces are about to break out of the “desktop” box where they have been stuck for the past 15 years. The next millenium will open with an increasing diversity of user interface on an increasing diversity of computerized devices. These devices include hand-held personal digital assistants (PDAs), cell phones, pages, computerized pens, computerized notepads, and various kinds of desk and wall size-computers, as well as devices in everyday objects (such as mounted on refridgerators, or even embedded in truck tires). The increased connectivity of computers, initially evidenced by the World Wide Web, but spreading also with technologies such as personal-area networks, will also have a profound effect on the user interface to computers. Another important force will be recognition-based user interfaces, especially speech, and camera-based vision systems. Other changes we see are an increasing need for 3D and end-user customization, programming, and scripting. All of these changes will require significant support from the underlying user interface sofware tools.

/pdf/past-present-and-future-of-user-interface-software-tools-4tyf5iisz8.pdf

Past, present, and future of user interface software tools

This article summarizes the historical development of major advances in humancomputer interaction technology, emphasizing the pivotal role of university research in the advancement of the field.

/pdf/a-brief-history-of-human-computer-interaction-technology-2qibkiiik0.pdf

A brief history of human-computer interaction technology

This is an excerpt of a much longer work: Brad Myers, Scott E. Hudson, and Randy Pausch, “Past, Present and Future of User Interface Software. Tools,” ACM Transactions on Computer Human Interaction, To appear in the Special Millennium Issue, 2000.

Past, Present and Future of User Interface Software Tools

The Amulet user interface development environment makes it easier for programmers to create highly interactive, graphical user interface software for Unix, Windows and the Macintosh. Amulet uses new models for objects, constraints, animation, input, output, commands, and undo. The object system is a prototype instance model in which there is no distinction between classes and instances or between methods and data. The constraint system allows any value of any object to be computed by arbitrary code and supports multiple constraint solvers. Animations can be attached to existing objects with a single line of code. Input from the user is handled by "interactor" objects which support reuse of behavior objects. The output model provides a declarative definition of the graphics and supports automatic refresh. Command objects encapsulate all of the information needed about operations, including support for various ways to undo them. A key feature of the Amulet design is that all graphical objects and behaviors of those objects are explicitly represented at run time, so the system can provide a number of high level built-in functions, including automatic display and editing of objects, and external analysis and control of interfaces. Amulet integrates these capabilities in a flexible and effective manner.

/pdf/the-amulet-environment-new-models-for-effective-user-4v0mxdya8r.pdf

The Amulet environment: new models for effective user interface software development

The Amulet User Interface Development Environment contains a comprehensive set of tools that make it significantly easier to design and implement highly interactive, graphical, direct manipulation user interfaces. Applications implemented in Amulet will run without modification on Unix, PC, and Macintosh platforms. Amulet provides a high level of support, while still being Look-and-Feel independent and providing applications with tremendous flexibility. Amulet currently provides a low-level toolkit layer, which is an object-oriented, constraint-based graphical system that allows properties of graphical objects to be specified in a simple, declarative manner, and then maintained automatically by the system. The dynamic, interactive behavior of the objects can be specified separately by attaching high-level "interactor" objects to the graphics. Higher-level tools, such as the Gilt interface builder, allow parts of the user interface to be layed out without programming. The Amulet toolkit is available for unlimited distribution by anonymous FTP or WWW. Amulet uses X/11 on Unixbased systems, the native Windows NT or Windows 95 toolkit on PCs, and standard Quickdraw on the Macintosh. This document contains an overview of Amulet with download and installation instructions, a tutorial, and a full set of reference manuals for the Amulet system.

/pdf/the-amulet-v3-0-reference-manual-4ra7cmrrny.pdf

The Amulet V3.0 Reference Manual

Brad A. Myers,Rich McDaniel, Alan Ferrency, Rob Miller, Patrick DoaneJanuary 1996Human Computer Interaction InstituteSchool of Computer ScienceCarnegie Mellon UniversityPittsburgh, PA 15213(412) 268-5150bam@cs.cmu.eduhttp://www.cs.cmu.edu/~amuletAbstractAmulet is a new user interface software environment for C++ on X/11, MicrosoftWindows NT or 95, and the Macintosh, which facilitates user interface research by beingvery open and flexible. In particular, new constraint and undo algorithms can be added,the widgets can modified and replaced, and support is provided for building high-leveltools.Keywords: UI ToolkitAttending Workshop: Brad A. Myers

Overview of the Amulet User Interface Toolkit

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The Amulet environment: new models for effective user interface software development

The Amulet V3.0 Reference Manual

Overview of the Amulet User Interface Toolkit