Ambition, Federalism, and Legislative Politics in Brazil.

Ambition, Federalism, and Legislative Politics in Brazil

This county-level study examines factors associated with the rate of voided presidential ballots in the 1996 elections. Evidence indicates that voided ballots are significantly more prevalent in counties with higher percentages of African Americans and Hispanics. The relationship between voided ballots and African Americans disappears, however, in counties using voting equipment that can be programmed to eliminate overvoting. The rate of voided ballots is lower in larger counties, and in counties with a higher percentage of high school graduates. The rate of voided ballots declines as the number of presidential candidates on the ballot increases, but only up to a point, and then rises with further increases. Lever machines generate the lowest rates of voided ballots among types of voting equipment, with punch card systems generating the highest rates.

Voided Ballot in the 1996 Presidential Election: A County-Level Analysis

Whether campaign advertising influences election outcomes is an open question; a paradox given the amount spent on campaigning in general and TV advertising in particular. We argue that such “absence of documentation” is due to the focus of the empirical literature on the United States, in which the allocation of campaign spending and advertising is decentralized. We explore a quasinatural experiment that enables us to mitigate the omitted variables and reverse causality problems caused by decentralized allocation. In Brazil, gubernatorial elections work in a two-round system. In the first round, candidates’ TV time shares are determined by their coalitions’ share of seats in the National Parliament. In the second round, TV time is split equally between the first-round winner and runner-up. Using differences between rounds as a source of variation, we find a large causal effect of TV advertising on election outcomes.

Campaign Advertising and Election Outcomes: Quasi-Natural Experiment Evidence from Gubernatorial Elections in Brazil

The Sage Handbook of Political Advertising. Lynda Lee Kaid and Christina Holtz-Bacha, eds. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 2006. 492 pp. $125 hbk. Editors of The Sage Handbook of Political Advertising, Lynda Lee Kaid and Christina Holtz-Bacha, bring strong credentials to the role of editors. Former director of the Political Communication Center at the University of Oklahoma and current professor at the University of Florida, Lynda Lee Kaid has written or edited more than twenty previous books on political communication. Coauthor Christina Holtz-Bacha is professor at the Friedrich-Alexander University in Germany and has also co-written or edited more than twenty books. It is important to state at the outset that The Sage Handbook of Political Advertising stresses international political advertising and is devoted to covering political advertising in Germany, the Nordic and Baltic States, Greece, the Netherlands, Italy, Mexico, Australia and New Zealand, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Russia, Poland, Hungary, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Turkey, the Philippines, Hong Kong, Singapore, Indonesia, Malaysia, West Africa, and South Africa. Most of these chapters are written by academics residing in the respective countries, providing the advantage of having the information explained from an insider's view. A final chapter, written by the editors, is called "Comparisons and Conclusions," but it is one chapter out of twenty-seven, and the reader is left wanting more synthesis. For the researcher studying political advertising in specific countries, however, it is an important reference work. It would also be a useful book for a graduate-level political communication class in that one could use the individual chapters covering different countries as a springboard for discussion, perhaps assigning each student to present a report to the class on a different country. Chapter 1, written by the book's editors, is called "Political Advertising in International Comparison," a title that could have served as the title of the book. This first chapter is essentially a forward; the editors explain how the book is laid out and how the countries are grouped. Specifically, the editors divided the countries into four groups. The first is the U.S. system, the only system where political advertising is totally supported by commercial and private interests. The second group of countries is those where broadcast time is provided free to political candidates, but candidates have no other recourse for obtaining direct broadcast coverage. The third group is a combination of the previous two, while the fourth group examines political advertising in what is called emerging democracies. …

The Sage Handbook of Political Advertising

Understanding matching patterns and determinants of attracting quality talents is an under-researched area, especially from a firm perspective. Firm’s recruitment strategies have an impact on the sorting patterns in the labour market which remains undetermined. This paper aims to explore the drivers of attracting and recruiting quality talents. Also, the role of policies including the national labour laws, industry norms and localised firm policies have on hiring practices and drivers in a developing country.,This study is underpinned by network theory, equity theory, social exchange theory and resource-based theory. The authors leveraged on a mixed methodology that is a structured questionnaire administered to 200 firm representatives in Lagos and interviews with key informants from the demand side for labour.,The study revealed that firms can leverage on salary, brand name, referral, job security as core factors in attracting and recruiting quality talents. Also, digitisation is a key strategy leveraged on attracting and recruiting quality talents. Techniques such as the use of social media, traditional media, online interviews, physical interviews have proven to help in selecting quality talents.,Specifically, the paper throws light on how firms use different recruitment channels for hiring workers, and how the use of these channels affects the quality of matches. Furthermore, the role of social networks, wages and benefits for firm recruitment and matching efficiency was well highlighted.

/pdf/attracting-and-recruiting-quality-talent-firm-perspectives-21u8r17rdb.pdf

Attracting and recruiting quality talent: firm perspectives

Why do parties form pre-electoral coalitions (PECs) in executive elections? The party of the executive candidate may welcome coalition partners because of the votes that they can deliver. However, ...

Campaign resources and pre-electoral coalitions:

In this interview, Brazilian demographer Elza Berquo and statistician Nelson do Valle Silva consider their professional careers and the consolidation of quantitative research in the social sciences in Brazil.

/pdf/ciencias-sociais-censo-e-informacao-quantitativa-no-brasil-4vuw4kjyo3.pdf

Ciências sociais, censo e informação quantitativa no Brasil: entrevista com Elza Berquó e Nelson do Valle Silva

The impact of cuing candidate quality on female candidates

The design of election ballots can influence voters’ behavior. Features of the ballot are particularly important if they systematically harm the electoral chances of some groups. In Brazil, voters type the four or five-digit number of their chosen candidate into an electronic voting machine to cast a ballot. Some numbers have sequences that are easier to memorize and recall than others. I show that candidates with memorable numbers receive a boost in their vote share. Moreover, I demonstrate that women are less likely to be assigned memorable numbers. This paper highlights the importance of thinking thoroughly about the implications of seemingly innocuous characteristics of voting procedures.

The effect of the ballot in an unranked ballot system

Electoral systems impose incentives for relationships between parties and relationships within parties. In interparty terms, weak systems encourage many parties to enter and voters to vote sincerely for their most preferred options. Strong systems discourage many parties from entering and encourage voters to think strategically about viability (the likelihood a preferred option will win seats). In intraparty terms, centralized systems empower party leaders and put an emphasis on the party’s shared reputation. Individualistic systems empower individual candidates and members of congress and put an emphasis on their personal reputations. The individual rules examined when defining system incentives include ballot type (can voters choose among copartisans), the level to which votes are pooled before seats are awarded, the number and level at which votes are cast, district magnitude (the number of seats to be decided in a district in a given election), and legal thresholds (predefined vote total barriers to being awarded seats). The electoral systems used to elect lower houses, upper houses (where they exist) and presidents in Latin America are located in a two-dimensional space based on these incentives. In interparty terms, weak systems outnumber strong ones in the region. In intraparty terms, there is a great deal of diversity with centralized systems slightly outnumbering individualistic ones. Instances of electoral reform are captured as changes in incentives or movements in this space. Reforms are frequent but no clear pattern emerges in terms of countries across the region converging toward imposing similar electoral incentives.

Electoral Systems and System Reforms in Latin America

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