In this paper, a new technique for modeling textured 3D faces is introduced. 3D faces can either be generated automatically from one or more photographs, or modeled directly through an intuitive user interface. Users are assisted in two key problems of computer aided face modeling. First, new face images or new 3D face models can be registered automatically by computing dense one-to-one correspondence to an internal face model. Second, the approach regulates the naturalness of modeled faces avoiding faces with an ''unlikely'' appearance Starting from an example set of 3D face models, we derive a morphable face model by transforming the shape and texture of the examples into a vector space representation. New faces and expressions can be modeled by forming linear combinations of the prototypes. Shape and texture constraints derived from the statistics of our example faces are used to guide manual modeling or automated matching algorithms We show 3D face reconstructions from single images and their applications for photo-realistic image manipulations. We also demonstrate face manipulations according to complex parameters such as gender, fullness of a face or its distinctiveness.

A morphable model for the synthesis of 3D faces

Geography and Trade

Statistics for spatial data: by Noel Cressie, 1991, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 900 p., ISBN 0-471-84336-9, US $89.95

En moyenne, les salaires croissent avec l'âge. Une question naturelle est de savoir si les salaires plus eleves des travailleurs âges correspondent, ou non, a une productivite plus elevee. La reponse a cette question n'est pas sans consequence sur l'employabilite de ces travailleurs âges. Estimee comme la « contribution » des differentes classes d'âge a la productivite des entreprises, la productivite des salaries croit avec l'âge jusqu'a 40 ans, avant de se stabiliser. Le profil de la productivite suit d'assez pret celui des remunerations. En particulier, il n'apparait pas d'ecart marquant entre salaire et productivite, si ce n'est aux âges les plus eleves (plus de 55 ans). Ces resultats restent neanmoins assez peu precis, car il est difficile d'extraire des relations causales de l'âge des salaries sur la productivite des entreprises a partir des simples correlations entre production et structure de la main-d'oeuvre. En particulier, les salaries âges sont plus nombreux dans les entreprises anciennes et peu efficaces, et representent une partie de la main-d'oeuvre qui s'ajustent moins rapidement aux chocs de productivite. Il en resulte un biais dans l'estimation de la productivite, dont la correction ne peut se faire qu'au prix de resultats moins precis. En outre, les resultats ne concernent que les salaries en emploi, et non l'ensemble des individus

La productivité des salariés âgés : une tentative d'estimation : Les travailleurs âgés face à l'emploi

Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)

We study the role of labour demand in the low employment rate of older workers in France. We find no support for the hypothesis of a declining productivity/wage ratio. Age-productivity and age-labour cost profiles are estimated as the cont ribution of each age category to the average labour productivity and labour cost of firms. We find similar age profiles for productivity and wage: both profiles are rising up to 40 or 45 and then remain stable. Besides, we find no evidence of wage rigidities for older workers in France, in spite of a rising average wage after 50. We also show that older workers do not represent a lower share of empl oyment and are not more often evicted in firms where they earn higher relative wages. However, we also find factors that decrease the labour demand for older workers. Technological and organisational changes appear to be biased against age. Older workers represent a lower share of employment and have less favourable employment flows than younger workers in innovative firms. This result holds for all skill categories and in Manufacturing as well as in services. Moreover, we find that there is a pr oblem of allocation of older worker s in declining industries. Due to the dynamics of employment flows, these workers represent a higher share of employment in firms that hired a lot a long time ago than in firms in rising sectors. Thus, they are more numerous in firms and industries that have a higher probability of downsizing nowadays. Keywords: older workers; labour demand; labour cost; productivity; production function; technological and organisational change

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