In recent years, the rapid urbanization of world’s population causes many economic, social, and environmental problems, which affect people’s living conditions and quality of life significantly. The concept of “smart city” brings opportunities to solve these urban problems. The objectives of smart cities are to make the best use of public resources, provide high-quality services to the citizens, and improve the people’s quality of life. Information and communication technology plays an important role in the implementation of smart cities. Blockchain as an emerging technology has many good features, such as trust-free, transparency, pseudonymity, democracy, automation, decentralization, and security. These features of blockchain are helpful to improve smart city services and promote the development of smart cities. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive survey on the literature involving blockchain technology applied to smart cities. First, the related works and background knowledge are introduced. Then, we review how blockchain technology is applied in the realm of smart cities, from the perspectives of smart citizen, smart healthcare, smart grid, smart transportation, supply chain management, and others. Finally, some challenges and broader perspectives are discussed.

A Survey of Blockchain Technology Applied to Smart Cities: Research Issues and Challenges

One of the most important discoveries and creative developments that is playing a vital role in the professional world today is blockchain technology. Blockchain technology moves in the direction of persistent revolution and change. It is a chain of blocks that covers information and maintains trust between individuals no matter how far they are. In the last couple of years, the upsurge in blockchain technology has obliged scholars and specialists to scrutinize new ways to apply blockchain technology with a wide range of domains. The dramatic increase in blockchain technology has provided many new application opportunities, including healthcare applications. This survey provides a comprehensive review of emerging blockchain-based healthcare technologies and related applications. In this inquiry, we call attention to the open research matters in this fast-growing field, explaining them in some details. We also show the potential of blockchain technology in revolutionizing healthcare industry.

Blockchain Technology in Healthcare: A Comprehensive Review and Directions for Future Research

This research is supported by the Employment Based Postgraduate Program of the Irish Research
Council (IRC) Project ID: EBPPG/2015/185 and partially funded under the SFI Strategic Partnership Program by
Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) and FotoNation Ltd. (Xperi Corporation) Project ID: 13/SPP/I2868 on Next
Generation Imaging for Smartphone and Embedded Platforms.

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A Blockchain-Based Smart Contract System for Healthcare Management

The role of blockchain technology in telehealth and telemedicine.

Although the blockchain technology was first introduced through Bitcoin, extending its usage to non-financial applications, such as managing electronic medical records, is an attractive mission for recent research to balance the needs for increasing data privacy and the regular interaction among patients and health providers. Various systems that adopts the blockchain in managing medical records have been proposed. However, there is a need for more work to better characterize, understand and evaluate the employment of blockchain technology in the healthcare industry. In this paper, a design of blockchain based system, namely MedChain, for managing medical records is proposed. MedChain is designed to improve the current systems as it provides interoperable, secure, and effective access for medical records by patients, health care providers, and other third parties, while keeping the patients' privacy. MedChain employs timed-based smart contracts for governing transactions and controlling accesses to electronic medical records. It adopts advanced encryption techniques for providing further security. This work proposes a new incentive mechanism that leverages the degree of health providers regarding their efforts on maintaining medical records and creating new blocks. Extensive experiments are conducted to evaluate the MedChain performance, and results indicate the efficiency of our proposal in handling a large dataset at low latency.

/pdf/medchain-a-design-of-blockchain-based-system-for-medical-ju36neqk98.pdf

MedChain: A Design of Blockchain-Based System for Medical Records Access and Permissions Management

In our digital world, access to personal data has become an item of concern, with challenging security and privacy aspects. Occurrences of hacking intentions and privacy violations make digital trust a major challenge. This is true in the eHealth area where management of patient health data must comply with many regulations, while remaining accessible to duly authorised health practitioners. Most will have heard about Blockchain because of its most known application - Bitcoin - in the payment area. However, Blockchain’s characteristics make it possible to fulfill the requirements of consent management, as illustrated in an implementation within a health domain use case.

/pdf/blockchain-for-consent-management-in-the-ehealth-environment-3vj4dl45cf.pdf

Blockchain for Consent Management in the eHealth Environment: A Nugget for Privacy and Security Challenges

Artificial intelligence to evaluate postoperative pain based on facial expression recognition

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Blockchain for Consent Management in the eHealth Environment: A Nugget for Privacy and Security Challenges

Artificial intelligence to evaluate postoperative pain based on facial expression recognition