The increasing complexity of systems being developed requires engineers to review their practices to improve engineering efficiency and meet the needs of a competitive market. To answer these challenges, engineers have always reused their know-how. However, facing today's rising complexity, reuse has to be much more performant. That is why models supported by formal or semiformal languages are preferred to avoid the variability of natural languages interpretation. In this context, model-based systems engineering (MBSE) made it possible to change the engineering paradigm by proposing a unique, shared system model. To promote and ease MBSE adoption, reuse should be fostered to respect the engineer's working method. A promising method for reusing models is based on the pattern concept. Thus, this article aims to review and evaluate the pattern concept as a means of transferring know-how and fostering reuse in an MBSE approach.

/pdf/use-of-patterns-for-know-how-reuse-in-a-model-based-systems-4o3ujevwok.pdf

Use of Patterns for Know-How Reuse in a Model-Based Systems Engineering Framework

Synergizing model-based systems engineering, modularity, and software container concepts to manage obsolescence

Risk management in the context of product development projects faces many difficulties: systemic risk is often omitted and interactions between risks are seldom present. To address these problems an operational framework is presented in this paper. This framework introduces the concept of standardized development task and process, risk event, risk factor and risk behavior. Standardized task and process enable propagation of risks from task to process level and they are modeled using system engineering approach (activity model). Risk interactions are modeled on task level and propagated to process level using inter-activity input-output relationships. Risk interaction model includes risk events, risk factor and risk behavior. Risk event defines the value of risk factors. This risk event – risk factor relation is modeled using Bayesian networks and expert opinions. Relationships between risk factors form risk behavior with included interactions. Mentioned relation is represented using Fuzzy Cognitive Maps. The main advantage of this approach is that this manner of addressing risk can be at the same time easier from the aspect of necessary data and more precise from the perspective of obtained results. Apart from the framework introduction, usage of the solution is illustrated with the academic example at the end of the paper.

Operational Framework for Managing Risk Interactions in Product Development Projects

The dynamic and complex nature of development processes calls for improvements in risk management methods. To deal with the risks, the authors advocate for a paradigm shift. The focus is moving from individual risk to risk interactions. Standards suggest integrating methods to address the limitations imposed by existing approaches. As a result, new strategies are needed to express and assess risk connections. The paper proposes a global framework and its simulator for: (a) representing individual risk events and including them in a product development, (b) expressing risk interactions, (c) integrating risks hierarchically and (d) evaluating risks. The solution is based on distinction between individual risk events and global process and its risk behaviour. Risk behaviour is characterised on task level. Process behaviour enables the integration of task risk into the development process. Risk management is viewed as a part of the development process, with final risk assessed bottom-up from individual risk to process risk. Consequently, the main contribution is not only in taking risk interactions into account but also in contextualising risk assessment in relation to development processes. Simulation is conducted for hair dryer design. However, the solution is global and can be used for other manufacturing and development processes.

Global risk assessment for development processes: from framework to simulation

https://google.iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/1614/1/012036/pdf

Development of a laboratory installation of a digital measuring system for visualization of internal pipeline processes

Learning from System Engineering to deploy Product Lifecycle Management

Know-how reuse is an approach that has been always used by engineers to take advantage of their accumulated knowledge and practices. But, the difficulty to formalize and reuse expert know-how is increasing alongside the complexity of systems. To deal with this challenge, this paper aims at opening the way to new approaches of know-how reuse, in order to improve engineering activities. For that purpose, it explores the capabilities of three reuse approaches (commercial off-the-shelf (COTS), set-based design and patterns), and their ability to be linked with a Model-Based Systems Engineering framework.

https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01666623/document

Towards model‐based systems engineering (mbse) patterns to efficiently reuse know‐how

We define a condition on the resolution of bispecials in a language. A language satisfies this order condition if and only if it is the natural coding of a generalized interval exchange transformation, while the order condition plus some additional ones characterize the codings of various more classical interval exchange transformations. Also, a finite word clusters for the Burrows-Wheeler transform if and only if the language generated by its powers satisfies an order condition. 

Order Conditions for Languages

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Learning from System Engineering to deploy Product Lifecycle Management

Towards model‐based systems engineering (mbse) patterns to efficiently reuse know‐how

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