The heavy metal contamination, which causes toxic effects on plants, has evolved into a significant constraint to plant quality and yield. This scenario has been exacerbated by booming population expansion and intrinsic food insecurity. Numerous studies have found that counteracting heavy metal tolerance and accumulation necessitates complex mechanisms at the biochemical, molecular, tissue, cellular and whole plant levels, which may demonstrate increased crop yields. Essential and non-essential elements have similar harmful impacts on plants including reduced biomass production, growth and photosynthesis inhibition, chlorosis, altered fluid balance and nutrient absorption, as well as senescence, all of which led to plant death. Notable biotechnological strategies for effective remediation require knowledge of metal stress and tolerance mechanisms in plants. Assimilation, cooperation and integration, of biotechnological improvements, are required for adequate environmental rehabilitation in the emerging area of bioremediation. This review emphasizes a deeper understanding of metal toxicity, stress, and potential tolerance mechanisms in plants exposed to metal stress. The microbe-mediated metal toxic effects and stress mitigation knowledge can be used to create a new strategic plan as feasible, sustainable, and environmentally friendly bioremediation techniques. 

Metal tolerance mechanisms in plants and microbe-mediated bioremediation.

Maintaining the concentrations of various ions in body fluids is critical to all living organisms. In this contribution, we designed a flexible microneedle patch coupled electrode array (MNP-EA) for the in situ multiplexed detection of ion species (Na+, K+, Ca2+, and H+) in tissue interstitial fluid (ISF). The microneedles (MNs) are mechanically robust for skin or cuticle penetration (0.21 N/needle) and highly swellable to quickly extract sufficient ISF onto the ion-selective electrochemical electrodes (∼6.87 μL/needle in 5 min). The potentiometric sensor can simultaneously detect these ion species with nearly Nernstian response in the ranges wider enough for diagnosis purposes (Na+: 0.75-200 mM, K+: 1-128 mM, Ca2+: 0.25-4.25 mM, pH: 5.5-8.5). The in vivo experiments on mice, humans, and plants demonstrate the feasibility of MNP-EA for timely and convenient diagnosis of ion imbalances with minimal invasiveness. This transdermal sensing platform shall be instrumental to home-based diagnosis and health monitoring of chronic diseases and is also promising for smart agriculture and the study of plant biology.

Microneedle-Coupled Epidermal Sensors for In-Situ-Multiplexed Ion Detection in Interstitial Fluids.

Plant mineral nutrition has immense significance for crop productivity and human well-being. Soil acidity plays a major role in determining the nutrient availability that influences plant growth. The importance of calcium (Ca) in biological processes, such as signaling, metabolism, and cell growth, underlines its critical role in plant growth and development. This review focuses on soil acidification, a gradual process resulting from cation leaching, fertilizer utilization, and drainage issues. Soil acidification significantly hampers global crop production by modifying nutrient accessibility. In acidic soils, essential nutrients, such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), and Ca become less accessible, establishing a correlation between soil pH and plant nutrition. Cutting-edge Ca nutrition technologies, including nanotechnology, genetic engineering, and genome sequencing, offer the potential to deliver Ca and reduce the reliance on conventional soluble fertilizers. These fertilizers not only contribute to environmental contamination but also impose economic burdens on farmers. Nanotechnology can enhance nutrient uptake, and Ca nanoparticles improve nutrient absorption and release. Genetic engineering enables the cultivation of acid-tolerant crop varieties by manipulating Ca-related genes. High-throughput technologies such as next-generation sequencing and microarrays aid in identifying the microbial structures, functions, and biosynthetic pathways involved in managing plant nutritional stress. The ultimate goal is to shed light on the importance of Ca, problems associated with soil acidity, and potential of emerging technologies to enhance crop production while minimizing the environmental impact and economic burden on farmers. 

Role of calcium nutrition in plant Physiology: Advances in research and insights into acidic soil conditions - A comprehensive review

The impact of environmental stresses like drought, salinity, extreme temperatures, and high salinity on plants is evident in various physiological, biochemical, and molecular processes. These stressors lead to reduced growth and yield potential. They produce the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) in cells, causing stomatal closure and a decrease in photosynthetic activity. This ultimately results in a loss of crop productivity. Calcium (Ca) serves as a secondary messenger in plants, detected by cellular proteins such as CaM-CAMTAs, CBL1-CIPK, and CDPKs. It plays a crucial role in regulating stress-related genes like RD29A/B and KIN1/2. Calcium is considered a key player in enhancing stress tolerance in plants. Whether applied independently or in conjunction with exogenous plant hormones like salicylic acid, ethylene, abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, and polyamines, it significantly contributes to mitigating abiotic stress. There are various methods to deliver Ca to plants, including seed priming, seed hardening, soil application, and foliar feeding. This review emphasizes the role of Ca, its transportation, sensing mechanisms by cellular proteins (such as CaMs, CBLs, and CDPKs), and the underlying molecular processes in plants under abiotic stress conditions. 

Calcium: A master regulator of stress tolerance in plants

Recent insights into cell responses to cold stress in plants: Signaling, defence, and potential functions of phosphatidic acid

Calcium Signaling in Coordinating Plant Development, Circadian Oscillations and Environmental Stress Responses In Plants

The process of plant immune response is orchestrated by intracellular signaling molecules. Since plants are devoid of a humoral system, they develop extensive mechanism of pathogen recognition, signal perception, and intricate cell signaling for their protection from biotic and abiotic stresses. The pathogenic attack induces calcium ion accumulation in the plant cells, resulting in calcium signatures that regulate the synthesis of proteins of defense system. These calcium signatures induct different calcium dependent proteins such as calmodulins (CaMs), calcineurin B-like proteins (CBLs), calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) and other signaling molecules to orchestrate the complex defense signaling. Using advanced biotechnological tools, the role of Ca2+ signaling during plant-microbe interactions and the role of CaM/CMLs and CDPKs in plant defense mechanism has been revealed to some extent. The Emerging perspectives on calcium signaling in plant-microbe interactions suggest that this complex interplay could be harnessed to improve plant resistance against pathogenic microbes. We present here an overview of current understanding in calcium signatures during plant-microbe interaction so as to imbibe a future direction of research.

The calcium connection: exploring the intricacies of calcium signaling in plant-microbe interactions

CoViD19 is a novel disease which has created panic worldwide by infecting millions of people around the world. The last significant variant of this virus, called as omicron, contributed to majority of cases in the third wave across globe. Though lesser in severity as compared to its predecessor, the delta variant, this mutation has shown higher communicable rate. This novel virus with symptoms of pneumonia is dangerous as it is communicable and hence, has engulfed entire world in a very short span of time. With the help of machine learning techniques, entire process of detection can be automated so that direct contacts can be avoided. Therefore, in this paper, experimentation is performed on CoViD19 chest X-ray images using higher order statistics with iterative and non-iterative models. Higher order statistics provide a way of analyzing the disturbances in the chest X-ray images. The results obtained are quite good with 96.64% accuracy using a non-iterative model. For fast testing of the patients, non-iterative model is preferred because it has advantage over iterative model in terms of speed. Comparison with some of the available state-of-the-art methods and some iterative methods proves efficacy of the work. 

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-15268-6.pdf

Non-iterative learning machine for identifying CoViD19 using chest X-ray images

INTRODUCTION
This research introduces an eco-friendly, one-pot multicomponent synthesis of pyrimidopyrimidines (4a-4i) and amino-1,3-dimethylpyrimidines (5a-5d) in an aqueous medium, utilizing citric acid as a catalyst.


AIMS
The study aimed to establish a sustainable method for synthesizing these heterocyclic compounds while evaluating their biological activities.


METHODS
Structural characterization of the synthesized compounds was conducted through elemental analysis, IR, and NMR spectroscopy. The DPPH, TAC, and ABTS methods assessed the antioxidant properties, revealing their significant potential as bioactive agents. Compound 4i demonstrated the highest antioxidant activity with a DPPH inhibition of 99.13%, while compound 5b exhibited the highest ABTS activity of 100%. Advanced computational analysis using Density Functional Theory (DFT) at the B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p) level provided insights into the compounds' molecular structures, reactivity, and electronic properties.


RESULTS
Key findings include the energy band gap analysis, which revealed compound 4c as the most stable (energy gap 5.102 eV) and compound 4i as the most reactive (energy gap 3.51 eV). These theoretical calculations, aligned with experimental NMR data, validated the molecular structures and confirmed the accuracy of theoretical predictions. Additionally, antibacterial and antifungal assays identified compound 4i as the most effective against Grampositive and Gram-negative bacteria and Candida albicans.


CONCLUSION
This work highlights the potential of these derivatives as promising candidates for therapeutic applications and contributes to advancing environmentally benign synthetic methodologies.

Innovative Green Synthesis and Multifunctional Applications of Pyrimidopyrimidine Derivatives

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Papers

Calcium Signaling in Coordinating Plant Development, Circadian Oscillations and Environmental Stress Responses In Plants

The calcium connection: exploring the intricacies of calcium signaling in plant-microbe interactions

Non-iterative learning machine for identifying CoViD19 using chest X-ray images

Innovative Green Synthesis and Multifunctional Applications of Pyrimidopyrimidine Derivatives