Particulate matter (PM) represents a criteria air pollutant (CAP) influencing health, climate, cloud properties, economy, agriculture, and the environment. Numerous studies on this subject have classified dust events based on wind speed, visibility, and PM10 levels. The purpose of this study was to evaluate PM10 with a wider range of meteorological parameters and CAPs during different dust storms. Moreover, spatiotemporal and geometrical properties of dust storms were analyzed over the city of Ahvaz between 2012 and 2015. Meteorological parameters included those obtained from the Iran Meteorological Organization (IMO) as well as CAPs from the Ahvaz Environmental Protection Organization (AEPO). During the study period, 68 dust storms were investigated, with sources identified by the AEPO. The highest levels of PM10 were 2877.2, 1327, 2146, 2094, and 1218 µg m−3 during local storms (LS), dusts from Iraq (DI), dust from both sources (DBS), and 1 and 2-peak dust events, respectively. The criteria levels of wind speed, relative humidity, and air temperature also shifted 3 h forward when the severity of dust storms decreased and their durations increased. Strong correlation coefficients (R2) were observed between PM2.5 and PM10 ranging from 0.88 to 0.95 for dust storms falling within each of the five classifications. The highest ascending and the lowest descending slopes belonged to dusts from DBS (600.3 µg m−3 h−1) and DI (73 µg m−3 h−1), respectively. These results have relevance to planning and mitigation strategies for combating different types of dust storms in Ahvaz.

Local and Long-Range Transport Dust Storms Over the City of Ahvaz: A Survey Based on Spatiotemporal and Geometrical Properties

Air pollution is one of the most pressing issues in populated Middle Eastern cities, in particular for the city of Ahvaz, Iran, imposing deleterious effects on the environment, public health, economy, culture, and other sectors. In this study, we investigate the relationship between meteorological parameters, PM10, AOD, air mass source origin, and visibility during severe desert dust storms (Average3h PM10 > 3200 µg m-3) between 2009 and 2012. Six of seven such events occurred between February and March. Interestingly, for the seven cases there was always an alarming PM10 mass concentration peak (137-553 µg m-3) between 12:00-18:00 (local time) that was 18-24 h before the dominant peak of the storm (3279-4899 µg m-3). The maximum wind speed over the multi-day periods examined for the dust storms is usually observed 6 h before the alarming PM10 peak. The minimum relative humidity, dew point temperature and air pressure occurred ± 3 h around the time of the alarming PM10 peak. Wind speed was the meteorological parameter that was consistently higher around the time of the first peak as compared to the second peak, with the reverse being true for sea level pressure. Based on four years of daily data in Ahvaz, PM10 was positively correlated with wind speed and air temperature and inversely correlated with sea level pressure and RH. An empirically-derived equation with R2 = 0.95 is reported to estimate the maximum PM10 concentration for severe desert dust events in the study region based on meteorological parameters. Finally, AOD is shown to correlate strongly (R2 = 0.86) with PM10 during periods with severe desert dust storms in the region. 

The impact of meteorological parameters on PM10 and visibility during the Middle Eastern dust storms

Dust storms and particulate matters had been increased due to climate change in the Middle East. On the other hand, urbanization and industrialization raised levels of gaseous air pollutants in all big cities. In the current study, air pollution information collected from Environmental Protection Agency of Khuzestan and Tehran containing hourly O3, NO2, CO, SO2, PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations between 2014 and 2015. This study evaluated the air quality of these two cities by Air Quality Index (AQI). As a result, mean concentrations of O3, NO2, PM10 and PM2.5 were higher in Ahvaz than Tehran while Tehran was more pollutant in terms of CO and SO2. Diurnal variations of O3 in weekend were the only trend located above weekday variations along the daytimes. Hourly variations of all pollutants changed with a wider range of concentrations in Ahvaz. Diurnal peaks of all pollutants showed their highest level on Monday as the busiest day in mega city, Tehran with the exception of SO2. PM2.5 was the worst and limiting pollutant for both cities. Accordingly, winter was the most polluted season by 77 and 33 μg m−3 in Ahvaz and Tehran, respectively. Number of clean days was significantly lower in Ahvaz (no-day) than mega city, Tehran (<17 days). The number of unhealthy days was also presented significantly higher in Ahvaz (>186 days). Although, annual PM2.5 concentrations were more in Ahvaz, the higher at-risk population in Tehran caused more health endpoints in the capital of Iran. Consequently, both cities should have their own especial pattern to control air pollution and attributed health damages. 

Temporal profiles of ambient air pollutants and associated health outcomes in two polluted cities of the Middle East

Diagnostic Alarm of Dew Point Temperature for the Occurrence of Middle Eastern Dust Storms

In this study, we explore Dehram river system, focusing on its biological characteristics, in a hot arid region. This is a freshwater stream flowing over salt formations. We examined various ecological aspects of the river, including its benthic macroinvertebrates, zooplankton, fishes, as well as some physical and chemical factors in three selected stations. The river showed variations in physical and chemical properties, with salinity and conductivity levels being the most significant. Salinity, total dissolved solids, calcium ion concentration, and nitrate levels increased downstream in the study area. Our findings revealed 13 macroinvertebrate orders present in the river, including a new record for Fars Province - the hydrobiid gastropod Ecrobia grimmi. The discovery of the four fish species in the river marked a new addition to their known geographical distribution. Certain invertebrate families were unique to station 1 and/or 2, while families Dyticidae and Simuliidae were exclusive to station 3. Other families were found in all three stations. Fish groups in the river included four identified cyprinid species, revealing new distribution ranges for them. Capoeta barroisi, known for tolerating specific environmental conditions, was found to adapt to the higher temperature, EC, and pH ranges in the river, setting new ecological records. The river exhibited unique ecological conditions such as high temperature and extranormal conductivity levels, which may have led to specific adaptations in its biota. We recommend further detailed investigations to determine whether these are new species or highly adapted populations isolated geographically and physiologically. 

pdf/a-foundational-study-of-the-dehram-rivers-aquatic-ecosystem-dezxqfk5cw.pdf

A Foundational Study of the Dehram River’s Aquatic Ecosystem: Bridging Fresh and Brackish Water

Karun River has an important role in the lives of citizens in Ahvaz, especially those in the agricultural sector. Unfortunately, lack of any water management plans and the rather less attention paid to pollution have reduced water quality in this river. Given the importance of the ecological balance of the river, and considering the precise status of river water quality, the present study was aimed to identify and count the zooplanktons and crustaceans living in this river. In this study, sampling was done in two seasons (autumn and winter) at three stations. According to our findings, the most common types of zooplanktons were Monhystera simolis, Limnodrilus hoffmeister, Dero obtusa, and Rotaria rotatoria. The most common types of crustaceans were Daphnia magna, Monospilus dispar, and Alona costata. In addition, the measured BOD5 was greater than the standard index for water quality in Iran’s aquatic ecosystems in all sites during winter and autumn. The temperature crossed the standard limitation in winter, but the measured pH was within the standard range (6–9). Results of this study showed sewage-induced pollution in Karun River. Consequently, there is an urgent need to control sewage discharge to the Karun River.

Identifying and counting zooplanktons and crustaceans in water of Karun River, Ahvaz city, Iran

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Identifying and counting zooplanktons and crustaceans in water of Karun River, Ahvaz city, Iran