Background/Objective: To ensure about which protocol is best for mobile networks by comparing the performances of DSR, DSDV and AODV protocols using NS-2. Method/Statistical Analysis: The functionalities of the three protocols have been compared by the three performance metrics such as Packet Delivery Ratio, Control Overhead and End to End Delay for the changing scenario. Findings: By comparing the packet delivery, it is clear that DSDV protocol is not good but, by comparing the control overhead, DSDV has very high control overhead than DSR and AODV protocols. AODV protocol performs well in some cases but considering the overall performances, DSR performs good than AODV protocol. Improvements/Applications: The protocols design will be improved to adapt themselves for all the changing scenario of the networks and this will be helpful in many applications such as military applications, emergency rescue operations, exploration missions etc.

Performance Comparison of AODV, DSDV and DSR Protocols in Mobile Networks using NS-2

Objective: To analyse the performance of QoS parameters of wireless sensor network by variation in reporting rate using NS-2. The performance metric considered as packet delivery ratio, throughput, delay, routing overheads, avg. energy consumed and avg. residual energy etc. Methods/Analysis: Using NSG tool, 50 nodes are deployed in 1000*1000 m*m area. The nodes 25, 31, 5 are considered as source node and node 3 as sink node. The AODV protocol is considered as packet transmission and CBR is used for traffic generation in network. Findings: To measure the performance of QoS parameters such as packet delivery ratio, throughput, delay, routing overheads, avg. energy consumed and avg. residual energy with 50 nodes were kept static. The graphs plotted by keeping performance metric at Y-axis and reporting rate on X-axis considered as 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50 etc. The analysis of performance of QoS parameters shows that for packet delivery ratio the ideal reporting rate is 20 packets per second. As the reporting rate increases delay increases gradually due to congestion. Also the throughput and routing overheads are increased with increasing reporting rate. Minimum energy consumption at 5 packets per second and maximum energy consumes at 50 packets per second. Conclusion: 20 pps is best reporting rate of transmission of packets for proposed network.

Performance Analysis of Wireless Sensor Network by Varying Reporting Rate

A Survey of Cluster Based Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Network

Objective: This paper tries to devise a new algorithm based on ACO as well as multipath routing in Adhoc Multipath Distance Vector (AOMDV) environment. Methods/Statistical Analysis: Routing is a technique of transmitting data from source node to the destination node. Path breaks frequently in MANET due to the moving nodes. Multipath Routing presents a solution towards this problem, because of the presence of alternative paths. So, communication does not halt. Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) is a newer field of swarm intelligence to tackle optimization problems. Findings: The new algorithm is named A-AOMDV and is compared with other multipath and unipath protocols. Some of the performance metrics are chosen to compare and evaluate the new routing algorithm with traditional algorithms like Throughput, Jitter, Number of packets send, End to End Delay, Packet Lost, Delivery Ratio. Based upon the obtained results, the comparison graphs have also been made while evaluating parameters. The results are very encouraging and the new algorithm has outperformed other algorithms used for the purpose of comparison. Applications: Data communication can take place through alternative paths using efficient multipath routing protocol and easily tackle problems of disconnections during data communication.

Adjoining Ant’s Activities in Adhocon-demand Multipath Distance Vector Routing

Wireless Sensor Networks finds it difficult to transfer equal amount of data through all nodes, and in minimizing the level of energy consumption during transmission of data. This paper is an improvement to LEACH protocol; suggested to increase the overall lifespan of the network. Formation of clusters is based upon distance of nodes from base station, number of neighbor nodes and distance among neighbor nodes. The cluster heads are selected on the basis of nodes holding maximum energy. We have proposed the concept of selecting the master cluster head from the elected cluster heads based on the strength of energy that CH nodes have and the distance from the Base station. Further, using this concept, the fused data from master CH are forwarded to the sink node. Proposed work reduces the frequency and length of data exchanged between the CHs and the Base station. Simulation results revealed that the proposed method reduces the consumption of energy by 46.85 percent and increases the lifespan of the network efficiently. The parameters for comparison are First Node Dead and Half Node Alive.

An Effective Approach for Minimizing Energy Consumption in WSN

The proposed system introduces a Distributed Dynamic Source Routing (D-DSR) protocol to secure the network effectively which can inhibit the attacker from copying response of the packets. A multi-path secured routing scheme is used in the work. Reliability and performance of the protocol is measured through packet delivery ratio, attack prevention efficiency, path optimality and routing packet overhead. The results obtained exhibits high security and low false alarm rate.

Performance Enhancement of AODV with Distributed-DSR Routing Protocol in Manet

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) consists of large amount of nodes spread either arbitrarily or non-arbitrarily in the region of interest for sensing an event. The main constraint in WSN existence is the consumption of energy by tiny sensor node during operation. For increasing the lifetime of WSN, various clustering techniques have been evolved in the last decade. Energy Consumption by the node primarily depends upon the distance between nodes to Cluster Head (CH), CH to Base Station (BS) and the Length (L) of the packet being transmitted. It has been analyzed that combinations of two different techniques i.e. EECA-F and H-PEGASIS can solve variety of issues. In this paper, two techniques are combined together to form Hybrid Energy-Efficient Clustering Technique (HEECA). Results revealed that in HEECA mechanism, nodes consume 1.75J energy even after 80 rounds whereas in EECA-F the toll reaches 3J. On analyzing, it is found that clustering through HEECA protocol can save 41.7 percent energy in nodes thus making them live longer and eligible to be used in robust applications where replacing battery of a node is a tedious task.

Energy Conservation in Wireless Sensor Networks through HEECA Mechanism

This paper highlights various physical disorders and its associated disabilities. Plenty of wheel chair have been designed so far. A wheel chair which can assist the disabled people in their day to day life became a necessity. It is possible if their other organs of the body assist the electronic gadgets. Proposed method helps the physically challenged people to make their journey through electronic assisted module which works on signal processing over speech and image. This system works via speech or through recognition of hand gesture. To overcome the loss of signal because of real time inputs, different signal enhancement techniques are introduced to achieve high rate of accuracy and stability. The system's response time is very much considerable as the delays of the system are quite reduced. The operating system created to work on gestures and speech was tested on the test bed with different sets of data. Results marked prominent impression over the conventional ones with accuracy rate of 84.66% in case of image processing and 82.33% in speech signal processing.The refinement of the electronic wheelchair is going to definitely help many suffering from the disease.

Electronic Wheelchair for Physically Disabled Persons

Radio frequency identification (RFID) is one of the key techniques for Internet of Things, which has been widely adopted in many applications for identification. However, it is always challenging to make small, low-cost transponder with little power consumption. This paper proposed the design and characterization process of a low-power and compact UHF RFID reader antenna for sensing applications. This RFID reader antenna is a compact UHF CPW-fed slot antenna designed on a thin FR-4 substrate and analyzed for operation at 915 MHz using ANSYS HFSS. This antenna is lightweight, low cost and presents maximum readable range for five standard frequency bands provided by the FCC for North America (902–928 MHz), SRRC (920–925 MHz) for Republic of China, KR2 (917–923 MHz) for Korea, AU (920–925 MHz) for Australia, and NZ (922–927 MHz) for Newzealand.

A Low Profile CPW-Fed Slot Antenna for UHF-RFID Readers

Design Aspects of a New Reliable Torsional Switch with Excellent RF Response

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