Random fiber lasers (RFLs), a new variety of random lasers, have become a vigorous research spot over the past decades. RFLs possess superiorities in efficiency, structural flexibility, directionality, cost, etc. Particularly, RFLs are discovered to be good platforms for the construction of various forms of high‐performance lasers. Herein, recent progress in the spectral manipulation of RFLs and the applications of spectral‐tailored RFLs are reviewed. Both theoretical and experimental investigations of the unique spectral properties of RFLs up to now are presented. The superior wavelength flexibility of RFLs which can achieve any desired lasing wavelength in the 1–2.1 µm band is highlighted. Via spectral manipulation, RFLs have shown the capability of high‐spectral‐purity, narrow‐bandwidth, and multi‐wavelength output. Furthermore, the RFLs featuring unique spectral properties can lead to various promising applications, which are concisely summarized, including optical fiber communication, optical fiber sensing, imaging, supercontinuum generation, nonlinear‐frequency conversion, mid‐infrared lasing pump sources, and laser‐driven inertial confinement fusion motivation. The challenges and prospects for RFLs are also discussed.

Spectral Manipulations of Random Fiber Lasers: Principles, Characteristics, and Applications

Low–coherence laser is regarded as the key to mitigating laser–plasma instability (LPI) in laser–driven inertial confinement fusion (ICF), where LPI can decrease the laser energy coupled to the target. With the merits of low coherence, high spectral stability, and flexible output characteristics, the Raman random fiber laser (RRFL) is considered to be a candidate light source in ICF. In this paper, the 1054 nm RRFL with high slope efficiency is achieved for the first time. In the RRFL pump source design section, we have optimized the ytterbium–doped fiber (YDF) length by simulation and amplified the power by Master Oscillator Power Amplifier (MOPA) to realize a 1011 nm YDF laser with 47.3 dB optical signal–to–noise ratio (OSNR). In terms of RRFL cavity design, a fiber loop mirror and Rayleigh scattering in the HI 1060 Flex fiber provide wideband point feedback and random distributed feedback, respectively. Based on this system, we achieve an RRFL output with 0.4 nm half–maximum full width, 182% slope efficiency, and 41.3 dB OSNR. This work will provide guidance for the application of RRFL in high–energy–density physics research. 

Efficient 1054 nm Raman Random Fiber Laser

Abstract Spin glass theory, as a paradigm for describing disordered magnetic systems, constitutes a prominent subject of study within statistical physics. Replica symmetry breaking (RSB), as one of the pivotal concepts for the understanding of spin glass theory, means that under identical conditions, disordered systems can yield distinct states with nontrivial correlations. Random fiber laser (RFL) based on Rayleigh scattering (RS) is a complex disordered system, owing to the disorder and stochasticity of RS. In this work, for the first time, a precise theoretical model is elaborated for studying the photonic phase transition via the platform of RS-based RFL, in which we clearly reveal that, apart from the pump power, the photon phase variation in RFL is also an analogy to the temperature term in spin-glass phase transition, leading to a novel insight into the intrinsic mechanisms of photonic phase transition. In addition, based on this model and real-time high-fidelity detection spectral evolution, we theoretically predict and experimentally observe the mode-asymmetric characteristics of photonic phase transition in RS-based RFL. This finding contributes to a deeper understanding of the photonic RSB regime and the dynamics of RS-based RFL. 

Replica symmetry breaking in 1D Rayleigh scattering system: theory and validations

Different from traditional cavity-based fiber lasers, well-defined resonant cavities are replaced by random feedback mechanisms for lasing generation in random fiber lasers (RFLs). Ever since the first demonstration in 2007, RFLs with unique advantages, such as structural simplicity, high efficiency, good wavelength flexibility, and high stability have attracted plenty of attention. Due to their superior properties, RFLs have been widely used to improve system performances of optical fiber communication (OFC) and optical fiber sensing (OFS). In this article, we conducted an overview of the applications of RFLs in OFC and OFS. We initially describe the basic operation principles and the typical properties of the RFLs. Then, the scenarios of the RFLs in the OFC systems are discussed, including random fiber lasing amplification (RFLA) techniques for extending signal transmission distance in long-haul OFC and OFS systems, static and dynamic point sensing based on RFLs, and RFL-based novel light sources for OFC and OFS applications.

The Applications of Random Fiber Lasers in Optical Fiber Communication and Sensing Systems: A Review

Abstract High-intensity vortex beams with tunable topological charges and low coherence are highly demanded in applications such as inertial confinement fusion (ICF) and optical communication. However, traditional optical vortices featuring nonuniform intensity distributions are dramatically restricted in application scenarios that require a high-intensity vortex beam owing to their ineffective amplification resulting from the intensity-dependent nonlinear effect. Here, a low-coherence perfect vortex beam (PVB) with a topological charge as high as 140 is realized based on the super-pixel wavefront-shaping technique. More importantly, a globally adaptive feedback algorithm (GAFA) is proposed to efficiently suppress the original intensity fluctuation and achieve a flat-top PVB with dramatically reduced beam speckle contrast. The GAFA-based flat-top PVB generation method can pave the way for high-intensity vortex beam generation, which is crucial for potential applications in ICF, laser processing, optical communication and optical trapping.

Digital generation of super-Gaussian perfect vortex beams via wavefront shaping with globally adaptive feedback

https://aip.scitation.org/doi/pdf/10.1063/5.0129434

Spectrum-tailored random fiber laser towards ICF laser facility

Radiation build-up and dissipation in Raman random fiber laser

As a Rayleigh-scattering-pattern-based distributed sensing scheme, recently coherent optical time-domain reflectometry (COTDR) exhibits high performance in distributed acoustic sensing, particularly for those demonstrations with coherent detection. As the noise lower-bound (NLB) determines the minimal detectable strain, the dedicated study is of prime importance. Straightforwardly, key parameters like pulse width, sweeping bandwidth and signal-to-noise ratio would affect NLB, however, so far there has been no explicit expression between key parameters and NLB in the COTDR with coherent detection. This paper derives the Cramér-Rao lower bound (CRLB) of the COTDR with coherent detection, which illustrates the quantitative relationship between the minimal detectable strain and the related parameters. Besides, the method to reach the CRLB is discussed, and the experimental results exhibit good consistent to the theoretical analysis. This work gives a guidance for the sensing system design based on coherent detection COTDR.

The Noise Lower-Bound of Rayleigh-Scattering-Pattern-Based Distributed Acoustic Sensing With Coherent Detection

Er-doped random fiber laser (ERFL) is a complex physical system, and understanding its intrinsic physical mechanisms is crucial for promoting applications. In this paper, we experimentally investigate the time-domain statistical properties of ERFL under full-bandwidth condition for the first time. We also study the effects of the transmission process and Raman amplification process on the output characteristics of ERFL.

Experimental Study on the Time-Domain Statistical Properties of Er-doped Random Fiber Laser

Random ﬁber laser (RFL) is a complex physical system that arises from the distributed ampliﬁ-cation and the intrinsic stochasticity of the ﬁber scattering. There has been widespread interest in analyzing the underlying lightwave kinetics at steady state. However, the transient state, such as the RFL build-up and dissipation, is also particularly important for unfolding lightwave interaction process. Here, we investigate for the ﬁrst time the RFL dynamics at transient state, and track the RFL temporal and spectral evolution theoretically and experimentally. Particularly, with the contribution of randomly distributed feedback, the build-up of RFL shows continuous Verhulst logistic growth curves without cavity-related features, which is signiﬁcantly diﬀerent from the step-like growth curve of conventional ﬁber lasers. Furthermore, the radiation build-up duration is inversely related to the pump power, and the spectral evolution of RFL undergoes two phases from spectral density increase to spectral broadening. From steady-state to pump switch-oﬀ state, the RFL output power dissipates immediately, and the remaining Stokes lightwave from the Rayleigh scattering will gradually disappear after one round-trip. This work provides new insights into the transient dynamics features of the RFL.

Radiation build-up and dissipation in random fiber laser

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