Nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease (NTM-PD) is a challenging infection which is becoming increasingly prevalent, particularly in the elderly, for reasons which are unknown. While underlying lung disease is a well-established risk factor for NTM-PD, it may also occur in apparently healthy individuals. No single common genetic or immunological defect has been identified in this group, and it is likely that multiple pathways contribute towards host susceptibility to NTM-PD which further interact with environmental and microbiological factors leading to the development of disease. The diagnosis of NTM-PD relies on the integration of clinical, radiological and microbiological results. The clinical course of NTM-PD is heterogeneous, with some patients remaining stable without the need for treatment and others developing refractory disease associated with considerable mortality and morbidity. Treatment regimens are based on the identity of the isolated species, drug sensitivity testing (for some agents) and the severity of disease. Multiple antibiotics are typically required for prolonged periods of time and treatment is frequently poorly tolerated. Surgery may be beneficial in selected cases. In some circumstances cure may not be attainable and there is a pressing need for better regimens to treat refractory and drug-resistant NTM-PD. This review summarises current knowledge on the epidemiology, aetiology and diagnosis of NTM-PD and discusses the treatment of two of the most clinically significant species, the M. avium and M. abscessus complexes, with a focus on refractory disease and novel therapies.

https://erj.ersjournals.com/content/erj/54/1/1900250.full.pdf

Non-tuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease

Non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) include more than 160 ubiquitous, environmental, acid-fast-staining bacterial species, some of which may cause disease in humans. Chronic pulmonary infection is the most common clinical manifestation. Although patients suffering from chronic lung diseases are particularly susceptible to NTM pulmonary disease, many affected patients have no apparent risk factors. Host and pathogen factors leading to NTM pulmonary disease are not well understood and preventive therapies are lacking. NTM isolation and pulmonary disease are reported to rise in frequency in Europe as well as in other parts of the world. Differentiation between contamination, infection, and disease remains challenging. Treatment of NTM pulmonary disease is arduous, lengthy, and costly. Correlations between results of in vitro antibiotic susceptibility testing and clinical treatment outcomes are only evident for the Mycobacterium avium complex, M. kansasii, and some rapidly growing mycobacteria. We describe the epidemiology of NTM pulmonary disease as well as emerging NTM pathogens and their geographical distribution in non-cystic fibrosis patients in Europe. We also review recent innovations for the diagnosis of NTM pulmonary disease, summarize treatment recommendations, and identify future research priorities to improve the management of patients affected by NTM pulmonary disease.

/pdf/pulmonary-disease-caused-by-non-tuberculous-mycobacteria-3tl7f27492.pdf

Pulmonary Disease Caused by Non-Tuberculous Mycobacteria

Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are a group of ubiquitous environmental organisms which may cause infection in humans, most commonly pulmonary disease. Most individuals with disease have an underlying structural lung disease such as bronchiectasis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; however,

Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Pulmonary Disease

The objective of this study was to estimate the burden of disease in incident patients with non-tuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease (NTM-PD). A sample of 7 073 357 anonymised persons covered by German public statutory health insurances was used to identify patients with NTM-PD. In total, 125 patients with newly diagnosed NTM-PD in 2010 and 2011 were matched with 1250 control patients by age, sex and Charlson Comorbidity Index, and followed for 39 months. The incidence rate for NTM-PD was 2.6 per 100 000 insured persons (95% CI 2.2–3.1). The mortality rate for patients with NTM-PD and the control group in the observational period was 22.4% and 6%, respectively (p Although NTM-PD is considered rare, the attributable mortality and financial burden in Germany are high. Efforts to heighten awareness of appropriate therapy are urgently needed.

https://erj.ersjournals.com/content/erj/49/4/1602109.full.pdf

Burden of non-tuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease in Germany.

Microbiologic Outcome of Interventions Against Mycobacterium avium Complex Pulmonary Disease: A Systematic Review.

Nontuberculous mycobacterioses comprise a group of diseases caused by mycobacteria which do not belong to the Mycobacterium (M.) tuber- culosis complex and are not ascribed to M. leprae. These mycobacteria are characterized by a broad variety as to environmental distribution and adaptation. Some of the species may cause specif- ic diseases, especially in patients with underlying immunosuppressive diseases, chronic pulmonary diseases or genetic predisposition, respectively. Worldwide a rising prevalence and significance of nontuberculous mycobacterioses can be recog- nized. The present recommendations summarise actual aspects of epidemiology, pathogenesis, cli- nical aspects, diagnostics - especially microbiolo- gical methods including susceptibility testing -, and specific treatment for the most relevant spe- cies. Diagnosis and treatment of nontuberculous mycobacterioses during childhood and in HIV-in- fected individuals are described in separate chap- ters.

/pdf/empfehlungen-zur-diagnostik-und-therapie-nichttuberkuloser-1akb3c3hc1.pdf

Empfehlungen zur Diagnostik und Therapie nichttuberkulöser Mykobakteriosen des Deutschen Zentralkomitees zur Bekämpfung der Tuberkulose (DZK) und der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Pneumologie und Beatmungsmedizin (DGP) Recommendations for Diagnosis and Treatment of Nontuberculous Mycobacterioses of the German Central Committee against Tuberculosis and the German Respiratory Society

Non-tuberculous mycobacterioses comprise a group of diseases caused by mycobacteria which do not belong to the Mycobacterium (M.) tuberculosis-complex and are not ascribed to M. leprae. These mycobacteria are characterized by a broad variety as to environmental distribution and adaptation. Some of the species may cause specific diseases, especially in patients with underlying immunosuppressive diseases, chronic pulmonary diseases or genetic predisposition, respectively. Worldwide, a rising prevalence and significance of non-tuberculous mycobacterioses is recognized. The present recommendations summarise current aspects of epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical aspects, diagnostics - especially microbiological methods including susceptibility testing -, and specific treatment for the most relevant species. Diagnosis and treatment of non-tuberculous mycobacterioses during childhood and in HIV-infected individuals are described in separate chapters.

/pdf/recommendations-of-the-german-central-committee-against-1r23v0c33b.pdf

Recommendations of the German Central Committee against Tuberculosis (DZK) and the German Respiratory Society (DGP) for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Non-tuberculous Mycobacterioses.

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Recommendations of the German Central Committee against Tuberculosis (DZK) and the German Respiratory Society (DGP) for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Non-tuberculous Mycobacterioses.